CJ 320 EXAM #3 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
FGC - Answer -any procedure involving partial or complete removal of any part of a
female's genitalia
Why is FGC/FGM a crime? - Answer -- Procedures used to perform FGC are often
unsanitary and dangerous to the health of the woman.•
Ex: No anesthetic, cow dung as cleanser, using cat gut to sew wound together etc.
- No steps are taken to reduce pain, instead girl is often held down by several women
with legs spread open.
- Thanks in part to the feminist movement FGC was brought to the attention of the world
and is not accepted as a social norm
FGM Facts - Answer -- Procedure is normally performed before a girl hits puberty
- The average age for this procedure to be performed is when a girl is 8 years old.
- Girls are held down with force by other women
- Yelling and screaming by the girl is common.
- After the procedure is completed the girl has her legs tied together for several weeks
- Leaves very little room for urination, making this difficult and possibly painful.
- When the girl is older menstruation can also be difficult due to the small opening left by
the procedure
- estimated that more than 200million girls and women alive today have been cut
- Procedures are mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and
adolescence, and occasionally on adult women
FGM type 1 - Answer -Type I -Excision of the clitoral hood, with or without excision of
part or all of the clitoris
Sunna- Prepuce is cut; the tip of the clitoris may be removed.- Considered to be the
least dangerous & least common form of FGC
FGM type 2 - Answer -Type II -Excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the
labia minora
Clitoridectomy/Excision- Entire clitoris is removed, as well as the majority of the labia
minora.- Most common form throughout the world.
FGM type 3 - Answer -Type III - Excision of part or all of the external genitalia and
stitching of the vaginal opening (infibulation)
Infibulation- Most destructive & dangerous form.
- Involves all mutilation from Type II, plus the removal of the labia major.
- The edges of the vulva are held together by catgut or thorns to secure the remaining
vaginal tissues in place.
, - Often a small piece of wood is inserted to prevent the fusion of the tissues between
the two sides of the remaining vagina
- A small opening, approximately the size of a matchstick head, is left for urination and
menstruation
FGM type 4 - Answer -Type IV - Pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and or labia;
stretching of the clitoris and or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and
surrounding tissue
Tools used for FGM - Answer -Broken glass, Scissors, tin cans, Razor blades, Anything
sharp enough to sever the skin & tissue.
Where does FGM take place? - Answer -Practiced in more than 40 countries and rising
It has been reported in the Arabian Peninsula, Asia, Australia, France, England,
Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and USA
Approximately 168,000 women and girls living in the US are at risk or have already
undergone FGC. - Most of these women live in large cities like New York, Atlanta,
Chicago, Washington D.C
Facts from "Razor's Edge" - Answer -- globally 130 million circumcised women
- practice most common in Africa but also in parts of Middle East/Asia
- FGM varies by place, type, method, age
- girls must be cut before entrance into the Bondo secret society
- men do not marry women who haven't gone through the ceremony
- girls are cut by untrained people with unsterilized blades
- advocates trying to convince practitioners to stop
Health issues of FGM - Answer -IMMEDIATE: Pain, shock, urinary infection, blood
poisoning, fever, death
INTERMEDIATE: Delay in healing, pelvic infection, cysts
LATE: Recurrent urinary tract infection, difficulty in urinating, hypersensitivity
MARRIAGE: Penetration takes two weeks to two years, or may be facilitated by a knife
DELIVERY: Prolonged labor with hemorrhaging leading to shock and even death,
miscarriage, stillborn or brain-damaged infants
Myths of FGM that victims believe - Answer -- All the women in the world are
circumcised.
- It is something that must be done.
- If there is pain, then that is part of a woman's lot in life.
- If a woman is infibulated and she is tight for her husband, he will not find another
woman to fulfill his sexual desires.
- If the clitoris is not cut - it will grow into a penis.
- FGC promotes fertility and enhances the health of the baby.
FGC - Answer -any procedure involving partial or complete removal of any part of a
female's genitalia
Why is FGC/FGM a crime? - Answer -- Procedures used to perform FGC are often
unsanitary and dangerous to the health of the woman.•
Ex: No anesthetic, cow dung as cleanser, using cat gut to sew wound together etc.
- No steps are taken to reduce pain, instead girl is often held down by several women
with legs spread open.
- Thanks in part to the feminist movement FGC was brought to the attention of the world
and is not accepted as a social norm
FGM Facts - Answer -- Procedure is normally performed before a girl hits puberty
- The average age for this procedure to be performed is when a girl is 8 years old.
- Girls are held down with force by other women
- Yelling and screaming by the girl is common.
- After the procedure is completed the girl has her legs tied together for several weeks
- Leaves very little room for urination, making this difficult and possibly painful.
- When the girl is older menstruation can also be difficult due to the small opening left by
the procedure
- estimated that more than 200million girls and women alive today have been cut
- Procedures are mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and
adolescence, and occasionally on adult women
FGM type 1 - Answer -Type I -Excision of the clitoral hood, with or without excision of
part or all of the clitoris
Sunna- Prepuce is cut; the tip of the clitoris may be removed.- Considered to be the
least dangerous & least common form of FGC
FGM type 2 - Answer -Type II -Excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the
labia minora
Clitoridectomy/Excision- Entire clitoris is removed, as well as the majority of the labia
minora.- Most common form throughout the world.
FGM type 3 - Answer -Type III - Excision of part or all of the external genitalia and
stitching of the vaginal opening (infibulation)
Infibulation- Most destructive & dangerous form.
- Involves all mutilation from Type II, plus the removal of the labia major.
- The edges of the vulva are held together by catgut or thorns to secure the remaining
vaginal tissues in place.
, - Often a small piece of wood is inserted to prevent the fusion of the tissues between
the two sides of the remaining vagina
- A small opening, approximately the size of a matchstick head, is left for urination and
menstruation
FGM type 4 - Answer -Type IV - Pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and or labia;
stretching of the clitoris and or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and
surrounding tissue
Tools used for FGM - Answer -Broken glass, Scissors, tin cans, Razor blades, Anything
sharp enough to sever the skin & tissue.
Where does FGM take place? - Answer -Practiced in more than 40 countries and rising
It has been reported in the Arabian Peninsula, Asia, Australia, France, England,
Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and USA
Approximately 168,000 women and girls living in the US are at risk or have already
undergone FGC. - Most of these women live in large cities like New York, Atlanta,
Chicago, Washington D.C
Facts from "Razor's Edge" - Answer -- globally 130 million circumcised women
- practice most common in Africa but also in parts of Middle East/Asia
- FGM varies by place, type, method, age
- girls must be cut before entrance into the Bondo secret society
- men do not marry women who haven't gone through the ceremony
- girls are cut by untrained people with unsterilized blades
- advocates trying to convince practitioners to stop
Health issues of FGM - Answer -IMMEDIATE: Pain, shock, urinary infection, blood
poisoning, fever, death
INTERMEDIATE: Delay in healing, pelvic infection, cysts
LATE: Recurrent urinary tract infection, difficulty in urinating, hypersensitivity
MARRIAGE: Penetration takes two weeks to two years, or may be facilitated by a knife
DELIVERY: Prolonged labor with hemorrhaging leading to shock and even death,
miscarriage, stillborn or brain-damaged infants
Myths of FGM that victims believe - Answer -- All the women in the world are
circumcised.
- It is something that must be done.
- If there is pain, then that is part of a woman's lot in life.
- If a woman is infibulated and she is tight for her husband, he will not find another
woman to fulfill his sexual desires.
- If the clitoris is not cut - it will grow into a penis.
- FGC promotes fertility and enhances the health of the baby.
