D312 Midterm Test: Questions with 100% correct
answers
prescriptive and descriptive
the study of managerial decision making can be divided into 2 approaches: ________ and
_______
prescriptive
what managers should do
- acquired by, founded on, or determine by long-standing custom
descriptive
what managers actually do
- referring to or grounded in observation or experience
rational model of decision making
when individuals use analysis, facts, and a stepbystep process to com to an optimal solution
problem definition
identify decision criteria
weight the criteria
generate alternatives
evaluate alternatives
select the optimal solution
rational model of decision making steps
,optimization model
finding an alternative with the most cost effective or highest achievable performance under given
constraints.... assumes that decision makers can
- accurately define the problem
- identify all decision criteria
- accurately weigh the criteria
- be aware of all available alternatives
- accurately assess each alternative
satisficing model
a decision-making strategy that aims for a satisfactory or adequate-result rather than the optimal
solution
- do not evaluate all possible choices but search for a decision that meets a set of criteria
decision styles
four main ones: directive, analytic, conceptual, and behavioral
vigilance
optimal decision style; a pattern consisting of a careful collection of facts and consideration of
alternatives
heuristics
rules of thumb, mental tools that people use to simplify decision making; approach to problem
solving that employs a practical method sufficient for reaching an immediate goal
availability
,the extent to which instances of an event are readily brought to mind; mental shortcut that relies
on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic,
concept, method, or decision
representativeness
a mental shortcut in which people assess the similarity of objects and organize them based
around the category or prototype
Pygmalion effect
others expectations of a person affect that person's performance; higher expectations lead to an
increase in performance
anchoring and adjustment
basing estimates and decisions on known anchors or familiar positions and then adjusting
relative to this starting point
nepotism
the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by
giving them jobs
moral philosophies
systematic approach to defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct
ethical dilemma
a situation where a difficult choice has to be made between 2 courses of action, either of which
might violate a moral principle
, consequential models
focus on the outcomes or consequences of a decision; holds that the morality of an action is
determined by its consequence, not by whether it follows a set of written laws; emphasize
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
moral belief that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over
harm for everyone affected by our decision
categorical imperative
A concept developed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant as an ethical guideline for behavior. In
deciding whether an action is right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable, a person should
evaluate the action in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or
category, acted the same way.
cultural relativism
moral principles and rules are legitimate only to the extent that they agree with the habits and
attitudes of a given culture; the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be
understood based on that person's own culture rather than be judged against the criteria of
another
hypernorms
Principles so fundamental to human existence that they rise above religious, philosophical, or
cultural differences
cognitive moral development
answers
prescriptive and descriptive
the study of managerial decision making can be divided into 2 approaches: ________ and
_______
prescriptive
what managers should do
- acquired by, founded on, or determine by long-standing custom
descriptive
what managers actually do
- referring to or grounded in observation or experience
rational model of decision making
when individuals use analysis, facts, and a stepbystep process to com to an optimal solution
problem definition
identify decision criteria
weight the criteria
generate alternatives
evaluate alternatives
select the optimal solution
rational model of decision making steps
,optimization model
finding an alternative with the most cost effective or highest achievable performance under given
constraints.... assumes that decision makers can
- accurately define the problem
- identify all decision criteria
- accurately weigh the criteria
- be aware of all available alternatives
- accurately assess each alternative
satisficing model
a decision-making strategy that aims for a satisfactory or adequate-result rather than the optimal
solution
- do not evaluate all possible choices but search for a decision that meets a set of criteria
decision styles
four main ones: directive, analytic, conceptual, and behavioral
vigilance
optimal decision style; a pattern consisting of a careful collection of facts and consideration of
alternatives
heuristics
rules of thumb, mental tools that people use to simplify decision making; approach to problem
solving that employs a practical method sufficient for reaching an immediate goal
availability
,the extent to which instances of an event are readily brought to mind; mental shortcut that relies
on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic,
concept, method, or decision
representativeness
a mental shortcut in which people assess the similarity of objects and organize them based
around the category or prototype
Pygmalion effect
others expectations of a person affect that person's performance; higher expectations lead to an
increase in performance
anchoring and adjustment
basing estimates and decisions on known anchors or familiar positions and then adjusting
relative to this starting point
nepotism
the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by
giving them jobs
moral philosophies
systematic approach to defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct
ethical dilemma
a situation where a difficult choice has to be made between 2 courses of action, either of which
might violate a moral principle
, consequential models
focus on the outcomes or consequences of a decision; holds that the morality of an action is
determined by its consequence, not by whether it follows a set of written laws; emphasize
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
moral belief that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over
harm for everyone affected by our decision
categorical imperative
A concept developed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant as an ethical guideline for behavior. In
deciding whether an action is right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable, a person should
evaluate the action in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or
category, acted the same way.
cultural relativism
moral principles and rules are legitimate only to the extent that they agree with the habits and
attitudes of a given culture; the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be
understood based on that person's own culture rather than be judged against the criteria of
another
hypernorms
Principles so fundamental to human existence that they rise above religious, philosophical, or
cultural differences
cognitive moral development
