BISC 101 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
What is a non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
What is a polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons (partial charges)
What do electronegative atoms do?
Attract electrons more tightly (like oxygen)
What do ions form?
ions attract each other and stable structures are formed
Why is life based on water?
water is an excellent solvent
Describe water molecules
-are polar
-hydrogen bonds form between the partial charges on different water molecules.
-can build complex molecules or break them apart
Define hydrophilic
water loving
What is soluble in water?
,-Polar molecules (glucose)
-Ions (Cl-)
They interact w/ water's partial charges and stay in the solution
Define hydrophobic
Water fearing
What is not soluble in water?
-Uncharged and nonpolar compounds (lipids)
They don't interact w/ water therefore they don't dissolve.
What are complex molecules?
Polymers made up of lots of single sub-units (eg. proteins, nucleic acids)
What are single sub-units?
monomers
What reaction occurs when polymers are built up?
condensation reactions
What reaction occurs when polymers are broken apart?
hydrolysis reactions
Polymerization
joining monomers to form a polymer
Proteins
,polymers of amino acids (monomers)
What is the amino acid structure
a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
The R or side-chain of an amino acid variations
can be nonpolar, polar or charged (can vary)
How many amino acids are there?
20 major amino acids
How many structures do proteins have?
Four (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary)
Hemoglobin consists of:
four polypeptide subunits
What do completed proteins contain?
complex 3D folded structures which are essential for how they function
What are carbohydrates?
are polymers of monosaccharides (monomers)
Monosaccharides consist of:
-carbonyl group c=o
-hydroxyl groups -OH
-carbon-hydrogen bonds C-H
, What is an aldose?
carbonyl group at end of carbon chain
What is a ketose?
carbonyl group in middle of carbon chain
Sugars can be made up of:
-one monomer
-a few (oligosaccharides)
-many (polysaccharides)
Sugar structures can be:
linear or ring structure (glucose)
Granulated sugar
disaccharide of glucose + fructose
What are lipids?
carbon-containing compounds that are (largely) nonpolar and hyrdrophobic
What is the structure of fatty acids?
saturated and unsaturated (kinks from double-bond carbon)
Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of:
three carbon glycerol molecule that is covalently bound to three fatty acids
Define amphipathic
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
What is a non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
What is a polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons (partial charges)
What do electronegative atoms do?
Attract electrons more tightly (like oxygen)
What do ions form?
ions attract each other and stable structures are formed
Why is life based on water?
water is an excellent solvent
Describe water molecules
-are polar
-hydrogen bonds form between the partial charges on different water molecules.
-can build complex molecules or break them apart
Define hydrophilic
water loving
What is soluble in water?
,-Polar molecules (glucose)
-Ions (Cl-)
They interact w/ water's partial charges and stay in the solution
Define hydrophobic
Water fearing
What is not soluble in water?
-Uncharged and nonpolar compounds (lipids)
They don't interact w/ water therefore they don't dissolve.
What are complex molecules?
Polymers made up of lots of single sub-units (eg. proteins, nucleic acids)
What are single sub-units?
monomers
What reaction occurs when polymers are built up?
condensation reactions
What reaction occurs when polymers are broken apart?
hydrolysis reactions
Polymerization
joining monomers to form a polymer
Proteins
,polymers of amino acids (monomers)
What is the amino acid structure
a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
The R or side-chain of an amino acid variations
can be nonpolar, polar or charged (can vary)
How many amino acids are there?
20 major amino acids
How many structures do proteins have?
Four (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary)
Hemoglobin consists of:
four polypeptide subunits
What do completed proteins contain?
complex 3D folded structures which are essential for how they function
What are carbohydrates?
are polymers of monosaccharides (monomers)
Monosaccharides consist of:
-carbonyl group c=o
-hydroxyl groups -OH
-carbon-hydrogen bonds C-H
, What is an aldose?
carbonyl group at end of carbon chain
What is a ketose?
carbonyl group in middle of carbon chain
Sugars can be made up of:
-one monomer
-a few (oligosaccharides)
-many (polysaccharides)
Sugar structures can be:
linear or ring structure (glucose)
Granulated sugar
disaccharide of glucose + fructose
What are lipids?
carbon-containing compounds that are (largely) nonpolar and hyrdrophobic
What is the structure of fatty acids?
saturated and unsaturated (kinks from double-bond carbon)
Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of:
three carbon glycerol molecule that is covalently bound to three fatty acids
Define amphipathic
