BISC 101 EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotics do not.
eukaryotic cells are multicellular while prokaryotics are unicellular
eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized while prokaryotics are not
eukaryotic cells=DNA stored in nucleus while prokayotic cells= DNA stored in cytoplasm
What are covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
Covalent bonds are typically the strongest type of chemical bond.
What is the difference between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds?
Polar covalent bonds are stronger due to differences in electronegativity between the atoms
involved.
What are ionic bonds?
Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming charged ions.
What are hydrogen bonds?
,Weak bonds between hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weak intermolecular forces due to electron density fluctuations.
Define electronegativity.
Atom's tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Bond with equally shared electrons.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Bond with asymmetric sharing of electrons.
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with uneven electron distribution, dissolve in water.
What are nonpolar molecules?
Molecules that are hydrophobic.
How is pH calculated?
Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
What is hydrophilic?
Substance that dissolves in water.
What is hydrophobic?
,Substance that does not dissolve in water.
What is the structure of an amino acid?
A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a unique
side chain.
How many types of amino acids are there?
There are 20 standard amino acids.
What are the three main groups of amino acids based on their side chain properties?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), and aromatic.
What are aromatic amino acids?
A subset of polar amino acids with aromatic rings in their side chains.
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet,
while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
How can you determine if an amino acid is acidic?
If the R-group has a negative charge and loses a proton.
How can you determine if an amino acid is basic?
If the R-group has a positive charge and picks up a proton.
How can you determine if an amino acid is uncharged polar?
If the R-group is uncharged and has an oxygen atom, forming a polar covalent bond.
, What is the effect of the R-group on the amino acid?
the R group determines the characteristics (size, polarity, and pH) for each type of amino acid.
What is the role of amino acids in proteins?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
How do amino acids combine to form proteins?
Through a process called polymerization.
What is polymerization?
The process of linking monomers together.
What is the theory of chemical evolution?
The idea that monomers gradually polymerized to form complex macromolecules in a prebiotic
environment.
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction where a water molecule is lost as monomers polymerize.
What is hydrolysis?
The reverse of condensation, where a water molecule is gained as polymers are broken down.
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms in amino acids.
What are residues in proteins?
a single unit that makes up a polymer, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide or protein
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotics do not.
eukaryotic cells are multicellular while prokaryotics are unicellular
eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized while prokaryotics are not
eukaryotic cells=DNA stored in nucleus while prokayotic cells= DNA stored in cytoplasm
What are covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
Covalent bonds are typically the strongest type of chemical bond.
What is the difference between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds?
Polar covalent bonds are stronger due to differences in electronegativity between the atoms
involved.
What are ionic bonds?
Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming charged ions.
What are hydrogen bonds?
,Weak bonds between hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weak intermolecular forces due to electron density fluctuations.
Define electronegativity.
Atom's tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Bond with equally shared electrons.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Bond with asymmetric sharing of electrons.
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with uneven electron distribution, dissolve in water.
What are nonpolar molecules?
Molecules that are hydrophobic.
How is pH calculated?
Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
What is hydrophilic?
Substance that dissolves in water.
What is hydrophobic?
,Substance that does not dissolve in water.
What is the structure of an amino acid?
A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a unique
side chain.
How many types of amino acids are there?
There are 20 standard amino acids.
What are the three main groups of amino acids based on their side chain properties?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), and aromatic.
What are aromatic amino acids?
A subset of polar amino acids with aromatic rings in their side chains.
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet,
while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
How can you determine if an amino acid is acidic?
If the R-group has a negative charge and loses a proton.
How can you determine if an amino acid is basic?
If the R-group has a positive charge and picks up a proton.
How can you determine if an amino acid is uncharged polar?
If the R-group is uncharged and has an oxygen atom, forming a polar covalent bond.
, What is the effect of the R-group on the amino acid?
the R group determines the characteristics (size, polarity, and pH) for each type of amino acid.
What is the role of amino acids in proteins?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
How do amino acids combine to form proteins?
Through a process called polymerization.
What is polymerization?
The process of linking monomers together.
What is the theory of chemical evolution?
The idea that monomers gradually polymerized to form complex macromolecules in a prebiotic
environment.
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction where a water molecule is lost as monomers polymerize.
What is hydrolysis?
The reverse of condensation, where a water molecule is gained as polymers are broken down.
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms in amino acids.
What are residues in proteins?
a single unit that makes up a polymer, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide or protein
