Cicero’s 5 Phases of an Argument
- prologue, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion
- the goal of the prologue is to grab the listener’s attention, bring the audience to a good mindset
so they are ready to hear your argument, goodwill, appeal to their emotion, draw them in
- the goal of narration is to state the facts and your side, establish credibility, demonstrate
knowledge
- the goal of confirmation is proving your argument through logic and evidence, logos ethos and
pathos, probability, motive, clarifying the facts, make it clear when you are presenting
- the goal of refutation is for the speaker to find counterarguments of the other party, proving
your argument against the other person or group
- the goal of the conclusion is wrapping everything up and leaving a good impression, more
appealing to emotions, using emotion, making your position seem like the only plausible option,
call to action
- rhetorical aspects: invention (finding arguments), arrangement (structuring arguments), style
(choosing language), memory (memorizing the speech), delivery (presenting the speech)
- deliberative form is what paul usually writes in, he wants you to make a choice with his opinion
in mind, paul has a call to action at the end of his letters, gives the right way to go in life, here is
how they should live, look and see what he tells them to do through the commandments, may
not always be in this direct form, this structure has a purpose, it was all intentional
- looking at how paul writes his letters, it is clear how intentional he was in crafting each
message for each community. through his appeals and commandments, he is trying to win over
his audiences so they are eager to hear what he has to say to them. in jude, most of his
argument is confirmation. he confirms his own points through four different arguments. what are
the imperatives? what does he tell them to do or not do?
- exodus in terms of jewish scripture (salvation and redemption), torah in terms of mount sinai
and the jews in the land (justification and sanctification), exile in terms of babylon (judgment and
condemnation) the argument is over justification, it is not the main thing he argues but it is
prevalent, will help the reading better
1 Corinthians
- salvation and redemption happen when the people are brought out of the exodus of egypt,
deliverance or purchase from captivity, righteousness which is really justification, sanctification
happens when you are in the land, obeying or disobeying torah, judgment and condemnation
are what you experience out of the land or exile, you get saved and there is a day of judgment
down the road, covenant theology is a broad category, there is a covenant with abraham for
circumcision, the covenant in terms of torah is at mount sinai with the torah and practicing it in
the land, salvation doesn't make them the coveted people of god, they receive the blood of the
covenant through that, jesus at the passover meal, this is the blood of the covenant, occurs at
sinai, blood only occurs here and ezekiel in reference, jesus is the sacrifice, you commit to god
and promise to keep that covenant, the blood of the covenant in exodus and mark is not salvific,
the blood of the covenant is where you pledge to be obedient to god’s commands, jesus
describes the cup as the blood of the covenant, when drinking that blood that is where you
accept that covenant relationship
, - paul is the focus of judgment in chapter 4, they are judging paul, they judge his character, this
community is divided, they should be concerned about jesus, they are concerned about his
trustoworthiness, they know he was a steward of the mysteries of god and the gospel, jesus is
the foundation, from there people build, some people build with jewels, some people build with
hay and straw, some people build with wood, some works suck and some stay firm, apollos is
more impressive to them, paul says no one can actually do that, god is the one letting the
growth happen, it is not up to us
- paul vs apollos vs peter, egregious divisions of the corinthian church, sleeping with your
stepmom, prophecy vs tongues, spiritual gifts, love, celibacy in marriage with what is proper,
worship practices, food sacrificed to idols (8-10), head coverings for women, getting drunk and
full off the lords supper
- lots of sins in corinth, written to correct their sin and incorrect behaviors, thessalonians was
more encouragement and preparation, lacking unity over the law itself, there are multiple ways
these people are messing up, many of them are gentiles, what does it mean to be a christian,
lots of don’ts, the ressurection section is where he gets theoloogical, the problem isn’t
misunderstanding the resurrection, its the ignorance of it, get your minds straight and quit
sinning, threat of dissolution, anathema
1 Thessalonians
- the five parts or arrangements of an argument are prologue/introduction (always at the
beginning, the idea of good will), narration (stating facts, what prompted the message),
confirmation (confirming argument), refutation (arguing against, look when paul picks up
something the other side is arguing, look for language), and epilogue/conclusion (always at the
end, usually has exhortation)
- the two basic elements of invention: identify and classify the question (what is the issue that
brings us here today, not always specifically stated, in galatians it is the division among the
galatians), sources of proof (common places, go out and look for places to draw from for the
argument)
- paul usually used artistic proofs, logos (rational, prioritize this), ethos (writer’s character, god
jesus and spirit, paul was called by god, not just representing himself, he is also representing
god to the audience, grace is god’s character primarily), pathos (appeal to the emotions of the
audience, different tactics for each group)
- paul with the church, paul without the church (experience), report to paul/define the issue,
common places (shared experience, paul’s character, jewish scripture not being very evident,
families, religion, roman empire)
- knowing these elements and methods that paul used will help me become a better reader of
his letters by knowing his appeals and tactics. by knowing more about these things, it will make
it easier for me to know the purpose behind these letters and the motives he has going into
each audience and the purpose of his message as a whole. by picking up these things, his
exhortations will stand out more and give insight on what each audience should be doing more.
he is trying alot to get the reader to understand, so you see why important it is for them to
understand so maybe we should too. this helps us get a better idea of his intention. not
everyone had the drive, education, or materials.
- prologue, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion
- the goal of the prologue is to grab the listener’s attention, bring the audience to a good mindset
so they are ready to hear your argument, goodwill, appeal to their emotion, draw them in
- the goal of narration is to state the facts and your side, establish credibility, demonstrate
knowledge
- the goal of confirmation is proving your argument through logic and evidence, logos ethos and
pathos, probability, motive, clarifying the facts, make it clear when you are presenting
- the goal of refutation is for the speaker to find counterarguments of the other party, proving
your argument against the other person or group
- the goal of the conclusion is wrapping everything up and leaving a good impression, more
appealing to emotions, using emotion, making your position seem like the only plausible option,
call to action
- rhetorical aspects: invention (finding arguments), arrangement (structuring arguments), style
(choosing language), memory (memorizing the speech), delivery (presenting the speech)
- deliberative form is what paul usually writes in, he wants you to make a choice with his opinion
in mind, paul has a call to action at the end of his letters, gives the right way to go in life, here is
how they should live, look and see what he tells them to do through the commandments, may
not always be in this direct form, this structure has a purpose, it was all intentional
- looking at how paul writes his letters, it is clear how intentional he was in crafting each
message for each community. through his appeals and commandments, he is trying to win over
his audiences so they are eager to hear what he has to say to them. in jude, most of his
argument is confirmation. he confirms his own points through four different arguments. what are
the imperatives? what does he tell them to do or not do?
- exodus in terms of jewish scripture (salvation and redemption), torah in terms of mount sinai
and the jews in the land (justification and sanctification), exile in terms of babylon (judgment and
condemnation) the argument is over justification, it is not the main thing he argues but it is
prevalent, will help the reading better
1 Corinthians
- salvation and redemption happen when the people are brought out of the exodus of egypt,
deliverance or purchase from captivity, righteousness which is really justification, sanctification
happens when you are in the land, obeying or disobeying torah, judgment and condemnation
are what you experience out of the land or exile, you get saved and there is a day of judgment
down the road, covenant theology is a broad category, there is a covenant with abraham for
circumcision, the covenant in terms of torah is at mount sinai with the torah and practicing it in
the land, salvation doesn't make them the coveted people of god, they receive the blood of the
covenant through that, jesus at the passover meal, this is the blood of the covenant, occurs at
sinai, blood only occurs here and ezekiel in reference, jesus is the sacrifice, you commit to god
and promise to keep that covenant, the blood of the covenant in exodus and mark is not salvific,
the blood of the covenant is where you pledge to be obedient to god’s commands, jesus
describes the cup as the blood of the covenant, when drinking that blood that is where you
accept that covenant relationship
, - paul is the focus of judgment in chapter 4, they are judging paul, they judge his character, this
community is divided, they should be concerned about jesus, they are concerned about his
trustoworthiness, they know he was a steward of the mysteries of god and the gospel, jesus is
the foundation, from there people build, some people build with jewels, some people build with
hay and straw, some people build with wood, some works suck and some stay firm, apollos is
more impressive to them, paul says no one can actually do that, god is the one letting the
growth happen, it is not up to us
- paul vs apollos vs peter, egregious divisions of the corinthian church, sleeping with your
stepmom, prophecy vs tongues, spiritual gifts, love, celibacy in marriage with what is proper,
worship practices, food sacrificed to idols (8-10), head coverings for women, getting drunk and
full off the lords supper
- lots of sins in corinth, written to correct their sin and incorrect behaviors, thessalonians was
more encouragement and preparation, lacking unity over the law itself, there are multiple ways
these people are messing up, many of them are gentiles, what does it mean to be a christian,
lots of don’ts, the ressurection section is where he gets theoloogical, the problem isn’t
misunderstanding the resurrection, its the ignorance of it, get your minds straight and quit
sinning, threat of dissolution, anathema
1 Thessalonians
- the five parts or arrangements of an argument are prologue/introduction (always at the
beginning, the idea of good will), narration (stating facts, what prompted the message),
confirmation (confirming argument), refutation (arguing against, look when paul picks up
something the other side is arguing, look for language), and epilogue/conclusion (always at the
end, usually has exhortation)
- the two basic elements of invention: identify and classify the question (what is the issue that
brings us here today, not always specifically stated, in galatians it is the division among the
galatians), sources of proof (common places, go out and look for places to draw from for the
argument)
- paul usually used artistic proofs, logos (rational, prioritize this), ethos (writer’s character, god
jesus and spirit, paul was called by god, not just representing himself, he is also representing
god to the audience, grace is god’s character primarily), pathos (appeal to the emotions of the
audience, different tactics for each group)
- paul with the church, paul without the church (experience), report to paul/define the issue,
common places (shared experience, paul’s character, jewish scripture not being very evident,
families, religion, roman empire)
- knowing these elements and methods that paul used will help me become a better reader of
his letters by knowing his appeals and tactics. by knowing more about these things, it will make
it easier for me to know the purpose behind these letters and the motives he has going into
each audience and the purpose of his message as a whole. by picking up these things, his
exhortations will stand out more and give insight on what each audience should be doing more.
he is trying alot to get the reader to understand, so you see why important it is for them to
understand so maybe we should too. this helps us get a better idea of his intention. not
everyone had the drive, education, or materials.
