NAGELHOUT PHARM 2 EXAM 3 LATEST COLLECTION OF
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
ANSWER Sodium channel blockers (procainamide, lidocaine) are class I
antiarrhythmics.
Class II antiarrhythmics: Propranolol and ANSWER Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, an ANSWER K channel blocker that
prolongs depolarization
ANSWER calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) are class IV
antiarrhythmics.
What type of receptor does adenosine act on? Purinergic receptors in the
ANSWER
Beta blockers should be avoided in three groups: ANSWER asthmatics (who
may have bronchoconstriction), diabetics (who may experience hypoglycemia),
and people with claudication.
The preferred medication for A-fib/flutter is CCB-diltiazem; beta blockers are
an alternative.
The preferred medication for ventricular arrhythmias is ANSWER amiodarone
(K-blocker); lido
The preferred medication for torsades is ANSWER magnesium.
The recommended medication for bradycardia is ANSWER atropine.
The preferred medication for tachycardia is an ANSWER beta-blocker.
Dig toxicity should be treated when it manifests, such as a typical arrhythmia
(atrial vs. ventricular, etc.).
, Category of Blood Pressure: Normal ANSWER SBP <120 and DBP <80
DBP <80 and SBP 120-129 are the answers for the elevated blood pressure
category.
HTN Stage 1 BP Category: ANSWER SBP: 130-139 or DBP: 80-89
HTN Stage 2 BP Category: ANSWER SBP: >140 or DBP: >90
Response: Hypertensive crises; SBP > 180 or DBP > 120
Hypertensive urgency is defined as follows: ANSWER hypertensive urgency
occurs when a patient presents with severe hypertension (SBP >180 or DBP
>120) but no acute end organ damage to the kidneys, cardiovascular system, or
central nervous system. Blood pressure is then lowered over the course of hours
to days.
Definition: Acute end organ damage and a high level of blood pressure increase
are the hallmarks of a hypertensive emergency. An abrupt increase in blood
pressure that is treated within minutes to prevent morbidity or death causes end-
organ damage.
Hypertensive crisis definition The response is more indicative of the elevated
blood pressure.
The body has three basic systems for regulating blood pressure. ANSWER
autonomic nervous system (catecholamines->renin--> RAAS--> elevated B in
kidneys)
When you activate one RAAS vasopressin, you activate them all.
How does ACE-I function? Preventing angiotensin I from being converted to
angiotensin II
How does ACE-I induce cough? ANSWER: ACE breaks down bradykinin, and
ACE-I raises bradykinin, which causes cough.
How do ARBs operate? ANSWER By inhibiting the angiotensin receptor
blocker, ARBs function.
Labetalol vs. Esmolol: A Response
is a B and a blocker that causes vasodilation; it is not cardioselective and is
recommended for hypertension.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
ANSWER Sodium channel blockers (procainamide, lidocaine) are class I
antiarrhythmics.
Class II antiarrhythmics: Propranolol and ANSWER Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, an ANSWER K channel blocker that
prolongs depolarization
ANSWER calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) are class IV
antiarrhythmics.
What type of receptor does adenosine act on? Purinergic receptors in the
ANSWER
Beta blockers should be avoided in three groups: ANSWER asthmatics (who
may have bronchoconstriction), diabetics (who may experience hypoglycemia),
and people with claudication.
The preferred medication for A-fib/flutter is CCB-diltiazem; beta blockers are
an alternative.
The preferred medication for ventricular arrhythmias is ANSWER amiodarone
(K-blocker); lido
The preferred medication for torsades is ANSWER magnesium.
The recommended medication for bradycardia is ANSWER atropine.
The preferred medication for tachycardia is an ANSWER beta-blocker.
Dig toxicity should be treated when it manifests, such as a typical arrhythmia
(atrial vs. ventricular, etc.).
, Category of Blood Pressure: Normal ANSWER SBP <120 and DBP <80
DBP <80 and SBP 120-129 are the answers for the elevated blood pressure
category.
HTN Stage 1 BP Category: ANSWER SBP: 130-139 or DBP: 80-89
HTN Stage 2 BP Category: ANSWER SBP: >140 or DBP: >90
Response: Hypertensive crises; SBP > 180 or DBP > 120
Hypertensive urgency is defined as follows: ANSWER hypertensive urgency
occurs when a patient presents with severe hypertension (SBP >180 or DBP
>120) but no acute end organ damage to the kidneys, cardiovascular system, or
central nervous system. Blood pressure is then lowered over the course of hours
to days.
Definition: Acute end organ damage and a high level of blood pressure increase
are the hallmarks of a hypertensive emergency. An abrupt increase in blood
pressure that is treated within minutes to prevent morbidity or death causes end-
organ damage.
Hypertensive crisis definition The response is more indicative of the elevated
blood pressure.
The body has three basic systems for regulating blood pressure. ANSWER
autonomic nervous system (catecholamines->renin--> RAAS--> elevated B in
kidneys)
When you activate one RAAS vasopressin, you activate them all.
How does ACE-I function? Preventing angiotensin I from being converted to
angiotensin II
How does ACE-I induce cough? ANSWER: ACE breaks down bradykinin, and
ACE-I raises bradykinin, which causes cough.
How do ARBs operate? ANSWER By inhibiting the angiotensin receptor
blocker, ARBs function.
Labetalol vs. Esmolol: A Response
is a B and a blocker that causes vasodilation; it is not cardioselective and is
recommended for hypertension.
