Biology 211 – [Final Exam, Questions & 100% Correct Verified Answers] (Updated 2025–2026)

Biology 211 Final Exam
Questions with 100% Correct
Verified Answers
✅✅
perception of a stimulus - -sensation


✅✅
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation -
-sensory adaptation


✅✅-phasic sensor definition
adapt rapidly
only respond to new stimuli -


✅✅-tonic sensor definition
slow to adapt to change
respond continuously -


✅✅
special refer to sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch
general refer to everything else - -general vs. special sensors

converting stimulus energy into electrical energy - ✅✅-transduction
✅✅
the region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change
in the firing rate of that neuron - -receptive field

sensation
modality

✅✅-4 types of information provided to sensory receptors
location
intensity -


✅✅
head position receptors in inner ear
all pain receptors - -tonic receptor example

pressure receptors - ✅✅-phasic receptors

somatic and visceral - ✅✅-2 types of general sense

exteroceptors

✅✅-3 types of stimulus origin categories
interoceptors
proprioceptors -

, ✅✅-interoceptors (def. + ex.)
sense inside the body
visceral sensory receptors -


✅✅
detect limb, body movement
joints - -proprioceptors (def. + ex.)

chemo-
thermo-
photo-

✅✅-5 types of modality sensor categories
mechano-
nociceptor -

tactile corpuscle
end bulb

✅✅-examples of encapsulated tactile receptors
bulbous corpuscle
lamellated corpuscle -

tactile disc

✅✅-examples of unencapsulated tactile receptors
free nerve ending
root hair plexus -

small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

✅✅
and pressure
encapsulated tactile receptor - -tactile corpuscles


✅✅-lamellated corpuscles
deep pressure receptors
encapsulated tactile receptors -


✅✅-bulbous corpuscle
deep continuous pressure sensor
encapsulated tactile receptors -

UNencapsulated tactile receptor

✅✅
dendrites that lack any obvious structural specialization; used to generate
sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickle, and itch - -free nerve
ending


✅✅
sensory nerves surrounds the base of each hair follicles
UNencapsulated tactile receptor - -root hair plexus


✅✅
flattened process of a sensory neuron
UNencapsulated tactile receptor - -tactile disc

, in the olfactory bulb at the top of the nasal cavity -✅✅ -where are
dendrites and olfactory receptor cells located for olfaction?

odorant binds to mucus odorant-binding protein and the protein stimulates
receptor cell (phasic receptors)
G-protein in receptor cell activates adenylate cyclase
ATP converted to cAMP

✅✅
cAMP opens Na+ Ca2+ to depolarize and initiate action potential to
olfactory bulb - -how do we detect smells?


✅✅-amygdala's role in olfaction
smell recognition
emotional reaction -

visceral reaction to smell (gagging) - ✅✅-hypothalamus role in olfaction

perceive, identify smell - ✅✅-cerebral cortex's role in olfaction


✅✅-2 types of chemoreceptors on tongue
filiform papillae
fungiform papillae -

arranged in a V formation on posterior surface of tongue - ✅✅-Vallate
papillae (circumvallate)

on side walls of tongue - ✅✅-foliate papillae
vallate (circumvallate) papillae - ✅✅-which papillae has most taste buds?


✅✅
taste hair (dendritic ending) of chemoreceptor cells (gustatory cells) on
taste buds - -gustatory microvillus

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells - ✅✅-tastants
✅✅
opening that exposes taste cell microvilli (gustatory hairs) to oral cavity -
-taste pore


✅✅
organic compounds
sugars - -sweet tastes produced by

metal ions, Na+, K+ - ✅✅-salt taste produced by
acids