NBEO PHARMACOLOGY TESTBANK
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS NEW UPDATE
Chronic alcoholism can lead to __________________________ deficiency, resulting in
what condition? - Answer- Thiamine (B1)
Wernicke's encephalopathy
What does FDA pregnancy category A mean? - Answer- Studies in pregnant women
have not shown a risk to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy.
What does FDA pregnancy category B mean? - Answer- Animal studies have failed to
show risk to fetus, but insufficient studies in pregnant women OR
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect but human studies have shown no
adverse effects in any trimester.
What does FDA pregnancy category C mean? - Answer- Adverse effects on the fetus
were found in animal studies, but there are no adequate human studies OR
There are no animal or human studies to determine the safety.
What does FDA pregnancy category D mean? - Answer- Evidence of human fetal risk,
but benefits may outweigh risks.
What does FDA pregnancy category X mean? - Answer- Human or animal studies have
shown fetal abnormalities, and risks are much more significant than benefits.
Ocular structures are the most damaged by teratogens if exposed during which
trimester of pregnancy? - Answer- First
M/Action of Gemfibrozil: - Answer- Increases activity of lipoprotein lipase--> lowers
VLDL & triglycerides
Approx. ______% of topical drug concentration is lost via evaporation upon instillation. -
Answer- 25
4 factors that can increase bioavailability of an ophthalmic topical drug: - Answer- Lipid
solubility
Small molecule size
Uncharged
,Weak base
T/F: the different layers of the cornea require drugs to have both lipophilic and
hydrophilic properties - Answer- True
The iris dilator has ______________________ adrenergic receptors to stimulate
dilation. - Answer- alpha-1
The non-pigmented ciliary epithelium has _______________________________
adrenergic receptors to stimulate increased aqueous formation. - Answer- Beta-2 and
Beta-1
The 3 main structures in the eye that receive parasympathetic innervation are: -
Answer- Sphincter muscle (miosis)
Ciliary muscle (accommodation)
Lacrimal gland (lacrimation)
Classify Pilocarpine: - Answer- Direct cholinergic agonist
Pilocarpine as a glaucoma drug provides up to _______% IOP reduction - Answer- 30
Why is Pilocarpine not commonly used as a glaucoma drug? - Answer- Requires QID
dosing- increased dosing=increased s/e.
Also causes cataracts with long-term use
3 M/action of antibiotics - Answer- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
Inhibition of protein synthesis (30s+50s)
Interference of bacterial DNA (folic acid)
What AB drug classes inhibit cell wall synthesis? - Answer- Bacitracin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
What AB drug classes inhibit protein synthesis? - Answer- buy AT 30, CEL at 50
Aminoglycosides + Tetracyclines: 30S
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin (macrocodes) , cLindamycin: 50S
Which AB drug classes interfere with bacterial DNA? - Answer- Sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, pyrimethamine: folic acid inhibition
Fluoroquinolones: inhibit DNA gyrate and topoisomerase IV
Most oral antibiotics have the side affect of ______ - Answer- GI upset
M/Action of Bacitracin: - Answer- Inhibit peptidoglycan in cell wall formation (logs of a
log cabin)
,Classify Bacitracin: (gram status and vehicle) - Answer- Antibiotic ointment, effective
against gram positive only
Bacitracin is often prescribed for the treatment of: - Answer- blepharitis
Bacitracin is often combined with __________________________ to form Polysporin
(gram + and -). - Answer- Polymyxin B
What is Polysporin? - Answer- Antibiotic: Bacitracin + Polymyxin B- effective against
both gram + and gram -
What is Neosporin? - Answer- Antibiotic: Polysporin + Neomycin
M/Action of Penicillins: - Answer- Inhibit transpeptidase in cell wall formation (glue of the
log cabin)
M/Action of Cephalosporins: - Answer- Inhibit transpeptidase in cell wall formation (glue
of the log cabin)
Penicillins and cephalosporins are similar in that they both have a - Answer- beta lactam
ring-- potential for cross sensitivity reaction
What is Augmentin? - Answer- Fortified antibiotic: Amoxicillin + clavulonic acid
(penicillinase inhibitor)
Classify Dicloxacillin: (class and gram) - Answer- Penicillin antibiotic, mostly effective
against gram +
Is Dicloxacillin resistant to penicillinase? - Answer- Yes
Is Amoxicillin resistant to penicillinase? - Answer- No (that's why Augmentin is used
more often)
Amoxicillin is often combined with ___________________________ to form Augmentin,
which is a fortified antibiotic. - Answer- Clavulonic acid (penicillinase inhibitor)
Classify Amoxicillin: (class and gram) - Answer- Penicillin antibiotic, effective against
both gram + and gram -
Is Dicloxacillin effective against MRSA? - Answer- NO
Are Penicillins safe in pregnancy? - Answer- Yes
which penicillin is better for use of eyelid infections? (hordeolum, preseptal, etc) -
Answer- dicloxacillin
, Common side effects of Penicillins: - Answer- Hypersensitivity reactions (type 1)--
anaphylaxis
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Penicillins and Cephalosporins are contraindicated in patients with a history of: -
Answer- IgE Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis)
T/F: if pt is allergic to PCN, do NOT give cephalosporins - Answer- true
________ and _________ generation Cephalosporins are effective against both gram-
positive AND gram-negative bacteria. - Answer- 3rd
4th
Common uses for Cephalexin (Keflex): - Answer- Hordeolum, preseptal cellulitis,
dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis
Cephalexin is a ____ generation and ceftriaxone is a ____ generation - Answer- 1st(+)
and 3rd (+/-)
Cephalexin is a gram_____ - Answer- gram +
Classify Ceftriaxone: (class/gen, gram spectrum) - Answer- 3rd-gen Cephalosporin- *IV
is treatment of choice for gonococcal conjunctivitis & orbital cellulitis* (gram + and *-*)
Drug of choice for treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis: - Answer- IV Ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for treatment of orbital cellulitis: - Answer- IV Ceftriaxone
Common side effects of Cephalosporins: - Answer- Hypersensitivity reactions
Vitamin K reduction (blood thinning)
Which drug classes bind the 30s subunit to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis? - Answer-
Aminoglycosides & Tetracyclines
what drugs make up the ahminoglycosides class? - Answer- Tobramycin
Gentamicin
Classify Gentamicin: (class and gram spectrum) - Answer- Aminoglycoside antibiotic,
effective against both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
M/Action of Gentamicin: - Answer- Bind *30s* subunit to inhibit bacterial protein
synthesis
Classify Tobramycin: (class and gram spectrum) - Answer- Aminoglycoside antibiotic,
effective against both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS NEW UPDATE
Chronic alcoholism can lead to __________________________ deficiency, resulting in
what condition? - Answer- Thiamine (B1)
Wernicke's encephalopathy
What does FDA pregnancy category A mean? - Answer- Studies in pregnant women
have not shown a risk to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy.
What does FDA pregnancy category B mean? - Answer- Animal studies have failed to
show risk to fetus, but insufficient studies in pregnant women OR
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect but human studies have shown no
adverse effects in any trimester.
What does FDA pregnancy category C mean? - Answer- Adverse effects on the fetus
were found in animal studies, but there are no adequate human studies OR
There are no animal or human studies to determine the safety.
What does FDA pregnancy category D mean? - Answer- Evidence of human fetal risk,
but benefits may outweigh risks.
What does FDA pregnancy category X mean? - Answer- Human or animal studies have
shown fetal abnormalities, and risks are much more significant than benefits.
Ocular structures are the most damaged by teratogens if exposed during which
trimester of pregnancy? - Answer- First
M/Action of Gemfibrozil: - Answer- Increases activity of lipoprotein lipase--> lowers
VLDL & triglycerides
Approx. ______% of topical drug concentration is lost via evaporation upon instillation. -
Answer- 25
4 factors that can increase bioavailability of an ophthalmic topical drug: - Answer- Lipid
solubility
Small molecule size
Uncharged
,Weak base
T/F: the different layers of the cornea require drugs to have both lipophilic and
hydrophilic properties - Answer- True
The iris dilator has ______________________ adrenergic receptors to stimulate
dilation. - Answer- alpha-1
The non-pigmented ciliary epithelium has _______________________________
adrenergic receptors to stimulate increased aqueous formation. - Answer- Beta-2 and
Beta-1
The 3 main structures in the eye that receive parasympathetic innervation are: -
Answer- Sphincter muscle (miosis)
Ciliary muscle (accommodation)
Lacrimal gland (lacrimation)
Classify Pilocarpine: - Answer- Direct cholinergic agonist
Pilocarpine as a glaucoma drug provides up to _______% IOP reduction - Answer- 30
Why is Pilocarpine not commonly used as a glaucoma drug? - Answer- Requires QID
dosing- increased dosing=increased s/e.
Also causes cataracts with long-term use
3 M/action of antibiotics - Answer- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
Inhibition of protein synthesis (30s+50s)
Interference of bacterial DNA (folic acid)
What AB drug classes inhibit cell wall synthesis? - Answer- Bacitracin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
What AB drug classes inhibit protein synthesis? - Answer- buy AT 30, CEL at 50
Aminoglycosides + Tetracyclines: 30S
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin (macrocodes) , cLindamycin: 50S
Which AB drug classes interfere with bacterial DNA? - Answer- Sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, pyrimethamine: folic acid inhibition
Fluoroquinolones: inhibit DNA gyrate and topoisomerase IV
Most oral antibiotics have the side affect of ______ - Answer- GI upset
M/Action of Bacitracin: - Answer- Inhibit peptidoglycan in cell wall formation (logs of a
log cabin)
,Classify Bacitracin: (gram status and vehicle) - Answer- Antibiotic ointment, effective
against gram positive only
Bacitracin is often prescribed for the treatment of: - Answer- blepharitis
Bacitracin is often combined with __________________________ to form Polysporin
(gram + and -). - Answer- Polymyxin B
What is Polysporin? - Answer- Antibiotic: Bacitracin + Polymyxin B- effective against
both gram + and gram -
What is Neosporin? - Answer- Antibiotic: Polysporin + Neomycin
M/Action of Penicillins: - Answer- Inhibit transpeptidase in cell wall formation (glue of the
log cabin)
M/Action of Cephalosporins: - Answer- Inhibit transpeptidase in cell wall formation (glue
of the log cabin)
Penicillins and cephalosporins are similar in that they both have a - Answer- beta lactam
ring-- potential for cross sensitivity reaction
What is Augmentin? - Answer- Fortified antibiotic: Amoxicillin + clavulonic acid
(penicillinase inhibitor)
Classify Dicloxacillin: (class and gram) - Answer- Penicillin antibiotic, mostly effective
against gram +
Is Dicloxacillin resistant to penicillinase? - Answer- Yes
Is Amoxicillin resistant to penicillinase? - Answer- No (that's why Augmentin is used
more often)
Amoxicillin is often combined with ___________________________ to form Augmentin,
which is a fortified antibiotic. - Answer- Clavulonic acid (penicillinase inhibitor)
Classify Amoxicillin: (class and gram) - Answer- Penicillin antibiotic, effective against
both gram + and gram -
Is Dicloxacillin effective against MRSA? - Answer- NO
Are Penicillins safe in pregnancy? - Answer- Yes
which penicillin is better for use of eyelid infections? (hordeolum, preseptal, etc) -
Answer- dicloxacillin
, Common side effects of Penicillins: - Answer- Hypersensitivity reactions (type 1)--
anaphylaxis
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Penicillins and Cephalosporins are contraindicated in patients with a history of: -
Answer- IgE Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis)
T/F: if pt is allergic to PCN, do NOT give cephalosporins - Answer- true
________ and _________ generation Cephalosporins are effective against both gram-
positive AND gram-negative bacteria. - Answer- 3rd
4th
Common uses for Cephalexin (Keflex): - Answer- Hordeolum, preseptal cellulitis,
dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis
Cephalexin is a ____ generation and ceftriaxone is a ____ generation - Answer- 1st(+)
and 3rd (+/-)
Cephalexin is a gram_____ - Answer- gram +
Classify Ceftriaxone: (class/gen, gram spectrum) - Answer- 3rd-gen Cephalosporin- *IV
is treatment of choice for gonococcal conjunctivitis & orbital cellulitis* (gram + and *-*)
Drug of choice for treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis: - Answer- IV Ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for treatment of orbital cellulitis: - Answer- IV Ceftriaxone
Common side effects of Cephalosporins: - Answer- Hypersensitivity reactions
Vitamin K reduction (blood thinning)
Which drug classes bind the 30s subunit to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis? - Answer-
Aminoglycosides & Tetracyclines
what drugs make up the ahminoglycosides class? - Answer- Tobramycin
Gentamicin
Classify Gentamicin: (class and gram spectrum) - Answer- Aminoglycoside antibiotic,
effective against both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
M/Action of Gentamicin: - Answer- Bind *30s* subunit to inhibit bacterial protein
synthesis
Classify Tobramycin: (class and gram spectrum) - Answer- Aminoglycoside antibiotic,
effective against both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
