Pathophysiology Module 6 answers

Pathophysiology Module 6
Listithei2imajoridivisionsiofitheinervousisystemianditheistructuresifoundiinieach.i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicentralinervousisystemi(CNS)icontainingitheibrainiandispinalicordi



peripheralinervousisystemi(PNS)icontainingispinalinerves,icranialinerves,iandigangliaithatiareioutsideio
fitheiPNS.

Describeitheimeningesianditheirifunction.i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiTheimeningesiareiconnectiveitissueisheathsithatisurrounditheibrainiandispinalicord.i



piaimater:iisitheiinnermostilayeriofitheimeninges.iItiisithiniandidelicateiandicontainsisurfaceilevelibloodiv
esselsithatiperfuseitheibrainiandispinalicord.

arachnoidilayer:isecondilayer.iItiencasesitheientireiCNSiandiisidelicate,inonvascular,iandiwaterproof.iCe
rebrospinalifluidi(CSF)icirculatesiinianiareaijustibelowitheiarachnoidilayericalleditheisubarachnoidispac
e.i

duraimater:ioutermostilayer.istrong,icontinuousiconnectiveitissueisheathithatiprovidesitheibrainiandispin
alicordiwithimostiofiitsiprotection.

DescribeihowiCSFiisiproducediandiitsifunction.i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiCSFiservesiasiaicushioniforitheibrainiandispinalicordiprotectingithemifromioutsideiphysicaliforce.

iItimaintainsiaiconstantiionicienvironmentithatiallowsiforitheidiffusioniofiessentialinutrients,ielectrolytes

,iandimetaboliciwasteiproductsiintoitheiextracellularifluidisurroundingitheiCNSineurons.i

Aithinilayeriofineuroglialicells,iependyma,ilineitheiventriclesiofitheibrainianditheicentralicanaliofitheispin
alicord.iSpecializediependymalicellsicalleditheichoroidiplexusiprojectiintoitheiventriclesiandiproduceiC
SF.

cranialinervesiandifunctionsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiolfactory

optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminaliabducens
facialivestibulocochleariglossopharyngeali
vagusi
accessoryihypoglossal

Whatiisitheidifferenceibetweeniafferentiandiefferentineurons?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiAfferentineuronsicarryisensoryiinformationifromitheiperipheryitoitheispinalicordiandibrainiwhilei

efferentineuronsicarryimotorioutputifromitheibrainiandispinalicorditoitheiperiphery.

Divisionsiofitheinervousisystemianditheirifunctionsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiCNS,iPNS



PNS:isomaticinervousisystemiandiautonomiciNSi(alsoiefferentiandiefferent)

Autonomic:iparasympatheticiandisympathetic

, somaticinervousisystemi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiigenerallyiunderivoluntaryicontrol,iinnervatingitheimovementiofiskeletalimuscles,iskin,iandijoint

s

autonomicisystemifunctioni-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicontroliglandsiandismoothimusclesiofitheiinternaliorgans-iinvoluntaryicontrol



parasympatheticivs.isympathetici-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiipara:irestingisituations,ipermittingidigestioniandiconservationiofienergyi



symp:ivigorousimusculariactivity,istress,iemergenicies

hindbraini-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicerebellum,ipons,imedullaioblongata



coordinationiofimovement,iposture,iregulatingirespirationiandibloodicirc

midbraini-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicerebralipedunclesi(bundlesiofinerveifibers)



eyeimovement,ivisual,iaudio

forebraini-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidiencephalon:ithalamus,isubthalamus,ihypothalamus



cerebralihemispheres:ifrontali(preciseiandiplanning),iparietali(sensory,itopiforitouch),itemporali(auditor
y),ioccipitali(visual)

basaligangliai-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimassesiofiwhiteimatteriinicerebralicortex



smoothnessiofiunlearnedimotion

limbicisystemi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiemotion-regulatedibehavior



grayimatterivs.iwhiteimatteri-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiGray:ineuronicellibodiesi(dorsaliafferent,iventraliefferent)



white:iascendingiandidescendinginerveifiberitractsithaticommibetweenispineiandibrain

ListitheineuroglialicellsiofitheiCNSiandiPNS.i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiCNS:ioligodendrocytes,iastrocytes,imicroglia,ianditheiependymalicells.



PNS:isatelliteicellsiandiSchwannicells

whichicellsimakeimyeliniiniCNSiandiPNSi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiCNS:ioligodendrocytesi



PNS:ischwannicells