BIO 367 UVIC questions with complete
solutions
How many genes are expressed only in the brain?
How many are expressed in all cell and tissue types? - ANS ✔✔~ 6000 only in brain
~ 8000 in all cell and tissue types
~ 6000 not expressed in the brain
Cajal provided what? - ANS ✔✔Evidence for the neuron theory instead of the reticular theory.
How many neurons in the nervous system? How many synapses? - ANS ✔✔10^11
10^14 to 10^15 synapses
What animal has the most amount of neurons? - ANS ✔✔Elephant
4 functional neural zones - ANS ✔✔- Signal reception: dendrites and the cell body, receive
incoming signal and convert to change in membrane potential.
- Signal integration: axon initial segment- signal in converted to an action potential
- Signal conduction: axon
- Signal transmission: synapse. Presynaptic boutons, release of NT
What are the postsynaptic structures of excitatory glutamatergic synapses?
GABAergic synapses are on? - ANS ✔✔Dendritic spines, they are protrusions on dendrites.
there are different shaped ones: mushroom, stubby, thin and filopodium
- dendritic shafts.
, What are the different neuronal types? - ANS ✔✔Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar.
There can be spiny neurons, bitufted cells, A1 and A2?
Different neurotransmitters? - ANS ✔✔- Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons (most prevalent)
- Dopaminergic (found in the brain in VTA, substantia nigra, hypothalamus)
-Cholinergic neurons: produce ACh and found in medial septum, striatum, PT nucleus.
- Serotonergic neurons: raphe nucleus
- Noradrenergic neurons: NE, locus coeruleus.
Different classes of GABAergic neurons - ANS ✔✔Axo-axonic (chandelier), basket cells,
martinotti cells, bipolar/bifufted cells, neurogliaform cells, GABAergic projection neurons
Glial cells - ANS ✔✔10X more in the brain than neurons.
Provide "immune" type functions,
Maintain homeostasis
Regulate blood flow
Ependymal cells - ANS ✔✔produce cerebrospinal fluid. Line ventricles and are ciliated to
promote the movement of fluid. They may serve as a stem or progenitor cell to make more glia.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells - ANS ✔✔Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS and Schwann
cells are PNS. They both myelinate.
1 schwann cell= 1 motorneuron axon in PNS. Schwann cells layer around
1 oligo= axons of multiple neurons in the CNS>
Myelinated axon Ultrastructure - ANS ✔✔From inside, node -> paranode-> juxtapara node.
solutions
How many genes are expressed only in the brain?
How many are expressed in all cell and tissue types? - ANS ✔✔~ 6000 only in brain
~ 8000 in all cell and tissue types
~ 6000 not expressed in the brain
Cajal provided what? - ANS ✔✔Evidence for the neuron theory instead of the reticular theory.
How many neurons in the nervous system? How many synapses? - ANS ✔✔10^11
10^14 to 10^15 synapses
What animal has the most amount of neurons? - ANS ✔✔Elephant
4 functional neural zones - ANS ✔✔- Signal reception: dendrites and the cell body, receive
incoming signal and convert to change in membrane potential.
- Signal integration: axon initial segment- signal in converted to an action potential
- Signal conduction: axon
- Signal transmission: synapse. Presynaptic boutons, release of NT
What are the postsynaptic structures of excitatory glutamatergic synapses?
GABAergic synapses are on? - ANS ✔✔Dendritic spines, they are protrusions on dendrites.
there are different shaped ones: mushroom, stubby, thin and filopodium
- dendritic shafts.
, What are the different neuronal types? - ANS ✔✔Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar.
There can be spiny neurons, bitufted cells, A1 and A2?
Different neurotransmitters? - ANS ✔✔- Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons (most prevalent)
- Dopaminergic (found in the brain in VTA, substantia nigra, hypothalamus)
-Cholinergic neurons: produce ACh and found in medial septum, striatum, PT nucleus.
- Serotonergic neurons: raphe nucleus
- Noradrenergic neurons: NE, locus coeruleus.
Different classes of GABAergic neurons - ANS ✔✔Axo-axonic (chandelier), basket cells,
martinotti cells, bipolar/bifufted cells, neurogliaform cells, GABAergic projection neurons
Glial cells - ANS ✔✔10X more in the brain than neurons.
Provide "immune" type functions,
Maintain homeostasis
Regulate blood flow
Ependymal cells - ANS ✔✔produce cerebrospinal fluid. Line ventricles and are ciliated to
promote the movement of fluid. They may serve as a stem or progenitor cell to make more glia.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells - ANS ✔✔Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS and Schwann
cells are PNS. They both myelinate.
1 schwann cell= 1 motorneuron axon in PNS. Schwann cells layer around
1 oligo= axons of multiple neurons in the CNS>
Myelinated axon Ultrastructure - ANS ✔✔From inside, node -> paranode-> juxtapara node.
