KNS 480 Exam 1 Question and
answers verified to pass 2025/2026
· Metabolism - correct answer ✔o Specifically talking about chemical reactions that synthesize new
molecules or reactions that break them down
o Synthesizing is anabolism
o Breaking down molecules is catabolism
· Bioenergetics - correct answer ✔o We eat things like carbs, fats, and proteins that's broken down
through digestion and take those molecules and convert them to produce ATP or free energy.
o The free energy will support other reactions in the body or allow us to do work, aka exercise
· Cytoplasm - correct answer ✔o Fluid portion of cell that contains organelles and mitochondria
o Sarcomere is the contractile unit of the muscle
o Actin and myosin and z disc
o Nuclei will contain the genes that regulate he protein synthesis
o Sarcolemma that covers the muscle cell is semi permeable to allow for things to enter into the cell
o 2 types of mitochondria in muscle cells
§ Subsarcolemmal mitochondria - correct answer ✔· Located right beneath the cell membrane
· Helps produce cellular energy for active transport of ions like sodium across the membrane
§ Intermyofibrillar mitochondria - correct answer ✔· Found near the myofibril proteins
· Provides energy needed for muscle contraction
o Ned ATP to do muscular work
,· Molecular biology and exercise science - correct answer ✔o Exercise training results in modifications
in protein synthesis
o Each gene is coding for different proteins but exercise can change or modify the expression of genes
§ Inherently changing the. Biology or physiology that makes up our own body by manipulating our own
structure through exercise
§ Can happen acutely and chronically
· Cellular chemical reactions - correct answer ✔o Endergonic reactions
§ Require the energy to be added to the system
o Exergonic reactions
§ Will produce energy
§ Example: breaking down glucose molecule to produce ATP
· The breakdown into carbon dioxide and water via cellular oxidation leads to the release of energy.
Releases free energy
o Coupled reactions
§ Act together
· Oxidation reduction reactions - correct answer ✔o These reactions are coupled together
o This is the transfer of electrons between 2 different molecules
§ The electron is not being transferred but a hydrogen ion with one electron in its shell that's being
transferred
o An individual molecule that receives and electron is reduced
o One that donates an electron has been oxidized
o One that donates an electron has been oxidized - correct answer ✔§ This happens in bioenergetics
with carrier molecules
· Going from NAD to NADH
, o NAD has received a hydrogen ion
o Important for bioenergetics and how to transfer electrons for metabolism in the mitochondria in order
to generate atp.
· NAD and FAD - correct answer ✔o Will have pairs of electrons passed along molecules as free
electrons or as hydrogen atoms
o In metabolism, there are 2 molecules: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD)
§ Transfer of hydrogen to go from oxidized of NAD to reduced of NADH
· NADH received 2 electrons
§ Same for FAD and becomes FADH2 (reduced state)
· Controlling the rate of energy production by substrate availability - correct answer ✔o Carbohydrates
vs fats
§ With low carb diets, force your metabolism to adapt and utilize fats as a fuel via law of mass action
· The more of the substrate available, the more you will use that substrate for metabolism
§ Metabolizing fat is a slower process than doing it to a car
· Energy released at a controlled rate based on enzyme activity in metabolic pathway - correct answer
✔o Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions
§ The rate at which a substrate will be broken down
o Enzymes do not start a chemical reaction and don't determine how much ATP produced
o They control the speed of the reaction by changing the activation energy.
§ Have to put a little energy into the system to get a lot out
§ If we lower the energy, we speed up the process
o Enzymes end in -ase
§ Kinase, lipase, etc.
answers verified to pass 2025/2026
· Metabolism - correct answer ✔o Specifically talking about chemical reactions that synthesize new
molecules or reactions that break them down
o Synthesizing is anabolism
o Breaking down molecules is catabolism
· Bioenergetics - correct answer ✔o We eat things like carbs, fats, and proteins that's broken down
through digestion and take those molecules and convert them to produce ATP or free energy.
o The free energy will support other reactions in the body or allow us to do work, aka exercise
· Cytoplasm - correct answer ✔o Fluid portion of cell that contains organelles and mitochondria
o Sarcomere is the contractile unit of the muscle
o Actin and myosin and z disc
o Nuclei will contain the genes that regulate he protein synthesis
o Sarcolemma that covers the muscle cell is semi permeable to allow for things to enter into the cell
o 2 types of mitochondria in muscle cells
§ Subsarcolemmal mitochondria - correct answer ✔· Located right beneath the cell membrane
· Helps produce cellular energy for active transport of ions like sodium across the membrane
§ Intermyofibrillar mitochondria - correct answer ✔· Found near the myofibril proteins
· Provides energy needed for muscle contraction
o Ned ATP to do muscular work
,· Molecular biology and exercise science - correct answer ✔o Exercise training results in modifications
in protein synthesis
o Each gene is coding for different proteins but exercise can change or modify the expression of genes
§ Inherently changing the. Biology or physiology that makes up our own body by manipulating our own
structure through exercise
§ Can happen acutely and chronically
· Cellular chemical reactions - correct answer ✔o Endergonic reactions
§ Require the energy to be added to the system
o Exergonic reactions
§ Will produce energy
§ Example: breaking down glucose molecule to produce ATP
· The breakdown into carbon dioxide and water via cellular oxidation leads to the release of energy.
Releases free energy
o Coupled reactions
§ Act together
· Oxidation reduction reactions - correct answer ✔o These reactions are coupled together
o This is the transfer of electrons between 2 different molecules
§ The electron is not being transferred but a hydrogen ion with one electron in its shell that's being
transferred
o An individual molecule that receives and electron is reduced
o One that donates an electron has been oxidized
o One that donates an electron has been oxidized - correct answer ✔§ This happens in bioenergetics
with carrier molecules
· Going from NAD to NADH
, o NAD has received a hydrogen ion
o Important for bioenergetics and how to transfer electrons for metabolism in the mitochondria in order
to generate atp.
· NAD and FAD - correct answer ✔o Will have pairs of electrons passed along molecules as free
electrons or as hydrogen atoms
o In metabolism, there are 2 molecules: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD)
§ Transfer of hydrogen to go from oxidized of NAD to reduced of NADH
· NADH received 2 electrons
§ Same for FAD and becomes FADH2 (reduced state)
· Controlling the rate of energy production by substrate availability - correct answer ✔o Carbohydrates
vs fats
§ With low carb diets, force your metabolism to adapt and utilize fats as a fuel via law of mass action
· The more of the substrate available, the more you will use that substrate for metabolism
§ Metabolizing fat is a slower process than doing it to a car
· Energy released at a controlled rate based on enzyme activity in metabolic pathway - correct answer
✔o Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions
§ The rate at which a substrate will be broken down
o Enzymes do not start a chemical reaction and don't determine how much ATP produced
o They control the speed of the reaction by changing the activation energy.
§ Have to put a little energy into the system to get a lot out
§ If we lower the energy, we speed up the process
o Enzymes end in -ase
§ Kinase, lipase, etc.
