CM2 Final Study Guide EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION GUIDE) (MULTIPLE CHOICES) A+ GRADED 100%
VERIFIED
Terms in this set (315) CORRECT ANSWERS
Abrupt, transient loss of consciousness associated
Syncope with the absence of postural tone and complete and
rapid spontaneous recovery.
Sense of imbalance that occurs primarily with
Disequilibrium
walking, with NO loss of consciousness.
, Feeling of illusory movement characterized by
Vertigo spinning, swaying, or tilting, often associated with
head movement.
The MOST COMMON cause of syncope,
Reflex syncope involving nerve pathways, examples include
orthostatic hypotension and vasovagal responses.
Potential cause of syncope, examples include
Cardiac disease
arrhythmias, stenosis, and cardiomyopathy.
Potential cause of syncope, an example is a panic
Neurologic or psychiatric causes
attack leading to hyperventilation.
Important to obtain the number of episodes,
associated symptoms, prodrome, position,
History taking for dizziness/syncope provocative factors, exertional factors, duration of
symptoms, whether it was witnessed, pre-existing
medical conditions, family history, and drug use.
Number of episodes If single, likely benign; if multiple, likely serious.
Symptoms such as dyspnea, palpitations, focal
Associated symptoms
neuro deficit, and bowel/bladder incontinence.
Symptoms that occur before an episode, including
Prodrome aura, nausea, warmth, lightheadedness, and sudden
loss of consciousness.
Factors that may trigger episodes, such as
Provocative factors coughing, swallowing, crowded warm spaces, fear,
postprandial states, micturation, and defecation.
, If present, must rule out potentially life-threatening
Exertional syncope conditions such as ventricular tachycardia, aortic
stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Loss of consciousness can last seconds to minutes;
Duration of symptoms persistent nausea, pallor, and diaphoresis may
occur after regaining consciousness.
Important to determine if the episode was
Witnessed episodes witnessed and if there were any prodromal
symptoms or aura.
Conditions such as endocrine, cardiac, psychiatric,
Pre-existing medical conditions and neurologic issues that may contribute to
syncope.
History of fainting, sudden cardiac death, or
Family history
cardiomyopathy in family members.
Both prescribed and recreational drugs that may
Drugs
affect syncope.
Includes vital signs (blood pressure and pulse) in
Physical exam criteria supine, sitting, and standing positions, and cardiac
auscultation.
Important for detecting conditions such as aortic
Cardiac auscultation murmurs or murmurs with increased outflow
following Valsalva, indicating cardiomyopathy.
Focuses on identifying asymmetric findings or
Neurologic exam
focal neuro symptoms.
, Seizures rarely have a rapid recovery of
Differentiating seizures from syncope consciousness; postictal state is often slow, and
patients may not remember pre-episode events.
All patients with syncope should receive an ECG,
Testing for syncope and additional tests like fecal occult blood test,
endoscopy, or colonoscopy may be necessary.
High risk includes potential for death with
Risk stratification recurrence; in-hospital evaluation is necessary for
heart disease and high-risk ECG findings.
Diagnostic if syncope is reproduced, drop in SBP
>50, and/or asystole >3 seconds; contraindicated if
Carotid sinus massage
carotid Doppler is positive or if patient has a
history of TIA/CVA.
Includes active standing and tilt table tests to
diagnose reflex syncope, delayed orthostatic
Orthostatic challenge
hypotension, and postural orthostatic tachycardia
syndrome.
Characterized by a decrease in SBP >20/DBP >10
Classic orthostatic hypotension
within 3 minutes of standing.
BP decreases immediately upon standing >40 with
Initial Orthostatic Hypotension
rapid recovery to normal in less than 30 seconds.
A test that records the electrical activity of the
ECG
heart.
Continuous monitoring of a patient's heart rate and
Inpatient telemetry monitoring
rhythm while they are hospitalized.
SOLUTION GUIDE) (MULTIPLE CHOICES) A+ GRADED 100%
VERIFIED
Terms in this set (315) CORRECT ANSWERS
Abrupt, transient loss of consciousness associated
Syncope with the absence of postural tone and complete and
rapid spontaneous recovery.
Sense of imbalance that occurs primarily with
Disequilibrium
walking, with NO loss of consciousness.
, Feeling of illusory movement characterized by
Vertigo spinning, swaying, or tilting, often associated with
head movement.
The MOST COMMON cause of syncope,
Reflex syncope involving nerve pathways, examples include
orthostatic hypotension and vasovagal responses.
Potential cause of syncope, examples include
Cardiac disease
arrhythmias, stenosis, and cardiomyopathy.
Potential cause of syncope, an example is a panic
Neurologic or psychiatric causes
attack leading to hyperventilation.
Important to obtain the number of episodes,
associated symptoms, prodrome, position,
History taking for dizziness/syncope provocative factors, exertional factors, duration of
symptoms, whether it was witnessed, pre-existing
medical conditions, family history, and drug use.
Number of episodes If single, likely benign; if multiple, likely serious.
Symptoms such as dyspnea, palpitations, focal
Associated symptoms
neuro deficit, and bowel/bladder incontinence.
Symptoms that occur before an episode, including
Prodrome aura, nausea, warmth, lightheadedness, and sudden
loss of consciousness.
Factors that may trigger episodes, such as
Provocative factors coughing, swallowing, crowded warm spaces, fear,
postprandial states, micturation, and defecation.
, If present, must rule out potentially life-threatening
Exertional syncope conditions such as ventricular tachycardia, aortic
stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Loss of consciousness can last seconds to minutes;
Duration of symptoms persistent nausea, pallor, and diaphoresis may
occur after regaining consciousness.
Important to determine if the episode was
Witnessed episodes witnessed and if there were any prodromal
symptoms or aura.
Conditions such as endocrine, cardiac, psychiatric,
Pre-existing medical conditions and neurologic issues that may contribute to
syncope.
History of fainting, sudden cardiac death, or
Family history
cardiomyopathy in family members.
Both prescribed and recreational drugs that may
Drugs
affect syncope.
Includes vital signs (blood pressure and pulse) in
Physical exam criteria supine, sitting, and standing positions, and cardiac
auscultation.
Important for detecting conditions such as aortic
Cardiac auscultation murmurs or murmurs with increased outflow
following Valsalva, indicating cardiomyopathy.
Focuses on identifying asymmetric findings or
Neurologic exam
focal neuro symptoms.
, Seizures rarely have a rapid recovery of
Differentiating seizures from syncope consciousness; postictal state is often slow, and
patients may not remember pre-episode events.
All patients with syncope should receive an ECG,
Testing for syncope and additional tests like fecal occult blood test,
endoscopy, or colonoscopy may be necessary.
High risk includes potential for death with
Risk stratification recurrence; in-hospital evaluation is necessary for
heart disease and high-risk ECG findings.
Diagnostic if syncope is reproduced, drop in SBP
>50, and/or asystole >3 seconds; contraindicated if
Carotid sinus massage
carotid Doppler is positive or if patient has a
history of TIA/CVA.
Includes active standing and tilt table tests to
diagnose reflex syncope, delayed orthostatic
Orthostatic challenge
hypotension, and postural orthostatic tachycardia
syndrome.
Characterized by a decrease in SBP >20/DBP >10
Classic orthostatic hypotension
within 3 minutes of standing.
BP decreases immediately upon standing >40 with
Initial Orthostatic Hypotension
rapid recovery to normal in less than 30 seconds.
A test that records the electrical activity of the
ECG
heart.
Continuous monitoring of a patient's heart rate and
Inpatient telemetry monitoring
rhythm while they are hospitalized.
