1
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NURS 3335 - Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study Guide Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded
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Diffusion [ Ans: ] Movement of individual molecules of a
substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Osmosis [ Ans: ] The movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute
concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
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Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] High concentration of serum sodium.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) [ Ans: ] Promotes the excretion of
sodium and water by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and
pressure.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
(SIADH) [ Ans: ] Excessive ADH leads to water retention, diluting
blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) and resulting in concentrated
urine.
Neurological Manifestations of Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Symptoms
such as restlessness, confusion, and irritability due to the effect of
sodium on brain cell function.
Dilutional Hyponatremia [ Ans: ] Occurs due to fluid overload,
leading to increased blood volume, hypertension, and edema.
Severe Hyponatremia Symptoms [ Ans: ] Can lead to cerebral
edema, causing seizures and decreased consciousness, requiring
urgent medical intervention.
Early Signs of Dehydration [ Ans: ] Thirst and dry mucous
membranes.
, 2
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Laboratory Findings in SIADH [ Ans: ] Hyponatremia and
concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Findings in Dilutional Hyponatremia [ Ans: ]
Hypertension and edema.
Intravenous Fluids for Dehydration [ Ans: ] Osmosis is primarily
responsible for the movement of water into the intracellular fluid
compartment.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Restlessness and confusion.
Immediate Nursing Intervention for Severe Hyponatremia [ Ans: ]
Seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
Mechanism of ANP [ Ans: ] Decreases blood volume by
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increasing sodium and water excretion.
Effects of High Serum Sodium Levels [ Ans: ] Can cause
neurological symptoms such as restlessness and confusion.
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Fluid Retention in SIADH [ Ans: ] Leads to hyponatremia and
concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Effects of Heart Failure [ Ans: ] Dilutional
hyponatremia often leads to increased blood volume,
hypertension, and edema.
Symptoms of Severe Hyponatremia [ Ans: ] Nausea and
abdominal cramps, muscle weakness and fatigue, headache
and confusion, seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
Dehydration Monitoring [ Ans: ] Monitor for early signs such as
thirst and dry mucous membranes.
Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Early signs of hypernatremia due to
dehydration include intense thirst and dry mucous membranes as
the body attempts to correct the sodium imbalance by increasing
fluid intake.
Hyponatremia Symptoms [ Ans: ] Symptoms of hyponatremia
typically include nausea, vomiting, headache, and muscle
spasms, but not hyperreflexia.
, 3
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High Phosphate Levels Effect [ Ans: ] High phosphate levels can
cause a decrease in calcium because phosphate binds to
calcium, forming insoluble complexes.
Intracellular Fluid [ Ans: ] The intracellular fluid compartment
contains about two-thirds of the total body water, making it the
largest fluid compartment in the body.
Osmolarity in Dehydration [ Ans: ] Increased osmolality. Severe
dehydration leads to higher osmolality, indicating a higher
concentration of solutes in the blood due to reduced water levels.
Decreased Urine Output in Dehydration [ Ans: ] In severe
dehydration with elevated osmolality, the body conserves water,
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leading to decreased urine output.
Osmolarity Changes [ Ans: ] Osmolarity INCREASES with
dehydration and DECREASES with fluid overload.
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Thirst Mechanism Trigger [ Ans: ] Increased blood osmolarity, or
higher concentration of solutes in the blood, triggers the thirst
mechanism to encourage water intake and restore balance.
Hypomagnesemia Manifestations [ Ans: ] Hypomagnesemia
manifestations include Trousseau or Chvostek sign or spontaneous
carpopedal spasm, tremor and muscle fasciculations, tetany,
anorexia, weakness, and nausea and vomiting.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) [ Ans: ] Water balance in the body is
regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH Secretion After Blood Loss [ Ans: ] Significant blood loss
triggers the secretion of ADH, which helps the body retain water to
maintain blood volume and pressure.
ADH Effect in Dehydration [ Ans: ] The release of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) will result in decreased urine output and
increased urine concentration.
Normal Range of Serum Osmolarity [ Ans: ] 280-294 mOsm.
Inverse Relationship of Phosphorus [ Ans: ] High phosphate levels
can cause a decrease in calcium.
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NURS 3335 - Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study Guide Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded
A+
Diffusion [ Ans: ] Movement of individual molecules of a
substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Osmosis [ Ans: ] The movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute
concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Guru01 - Stuvia
Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] High concentration of serum sodium.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) [ Ans: ] Promotes the excretion of
sodium and water by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and
pressure.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
(SIADH) [ Ans: ] Excessive ADH leads to water retention, diluting
blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) and resulting in concentrated
urine.
Neurological Manifestations of Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Symptoms
such as restlessness, confusion, and irritability due to the effect of
sodium on brain cell function.
Dilutional Hyponatremia [ Ans: ] Occurs due to fluid overload,
leading to increased blood volume, hypertension, and edema.
Severe Hyponatremia Symptoms [ Ans: ] Can lead to cerebral
edema, causing seizures and decreased consciousness, requiring
urgent medical intervention.
Early Signs of Dehydration [ Ans: ] Thirst and dry mucous
membranes.
, 2
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Laboratory Findings in SIADH [ Ans: ] Hyponatremia and
concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Findings in Dilutional Hyponatremia [ Ans: ]
Hypertension and edema.
Intravenous Fluids for Dehydration [ Ans: ] Osmosis is primarily
responsible for the movement of water into the intracellular fluid
compartment.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Restlessness and confusion.
Immediate Nursing Intervention for Severe Hyponatremia [ Ans: ]
Seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
Mechanism of ANP [ Ans: ] Decreases blood volume by
© 2025 Assignment Expert
increasing sodium and water excretion.
Effects of High Serum Sodium Levels [ Ans: ] Can cause
neurological symptoms such as restlessness and confusion.
Guru01 - Stuvia
Fluid Retention in SIADH [ Ans: ] Leads to hyponatremia and
concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Effects of Heart Failure [ Ans: ] Dilutional
hyponatremia often leads to increased blood volume,
hypertension, and edema.
Symptoms of Severe Hyponatremia [ Ans: ] Nausea and
abdominal cramps, muscle weakness and fatigue, headache
and confusion, seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
Dehydration Monitoring [ Ans: ] Monitor for early signs such as
thirst and dry mucous membranes.
Hypernatremia [ Ans: ] Early signs of hypernatremia due to
dehydration include intense thirst and dry mucous membranes as
the body attempts to correct the sodium imbalance by increasing
fluid intake.
Hyponatremia Symptoms [ Ans: ] Symptoms of hyponatremia
typically include nausea, vomiting, headache, and muscle
spasms, but not hyperreflexia.
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
High Phosphate Levels Effect [ Ans: ] High phosphate levels can
cause a decrease in calcium because phosphate binds to
calcium, forming insoluble complexes.
Intracellular Fluid [ Ans: ] The intracellular fluid compartment
contains about two-thirds of the total body water, making it the
largest fluid compartment in the body.
Osmolarity in Dehydration [ Ans: ] Increased osmolality. Severe
dehydration leads to higher osmolality, indicating a higher
concentration of solutes in the blood due to reduced water levels.
Decreased Urine Output in Dehydration [ Ans: ] In severe
dehydration with elevated osmolality, the body conserves water,
© 2025 Assignment Expert
leading to decreased urine output.
Osmolarity Changes [ Ans: ] Osmolarity INCREASES with
dehydration and DECREASES with fluid overload.
Guru01 - Stuvia
Thirst Mechanism Trigger [ Ans: ] Increased blood osmolarity, or
higher concentration of solutes in the blood, triggers the thirst
mechanism to encourage water intake and restore balance.
Hypomagnesemia Manifestations [ Ans: ] Hypomagnesemia
manifestations include Trousseau or Chvostek sign or spontaneous
carpopedal spasm, tremor and muscle fasciculations, tetany,
anorexia, weakness, and nausea and vomiting.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) [ Ans: ] Water balance in the body is
regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH Secretion After Blood Loss [ Ans: ] Significant blood loss
triggers the secretion of ADH, which helps the body retain water to
maintain blood volume and pressure.
ADH Effect in Dehydration [ Ans: ] The release of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) will result in decreased urine output and
increased urine concentration.
Normal Range of Serum Osmolarity [ Ans: ] 280-294 mOsm.
Inverse Relationship of Phosphorus [ Ans: ] High phosphate levels
can cause a decrease in calcium.
