1
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nur2243 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
foul breath and itchy skin are indicative of what problem? [ ANS: ]
Uremia, uremia causes pruritis
What are the possible causes for the 2+ pitting edema in someone
with CKD? [ ANS: ] Hypoalbuminemia, water retention from renal
failure
Why would a patient with CKD have a decrease in hemoglobin? [
© 2025 Assignment Expert
ANS: ] The patient's kidneys are no longer able to produce
erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
What are the indications for someone with CKD to need dialysis? [
Guru01 - Stuvia
ANS: ] electrolyte imbalances, volume overload, dialyzable toxins,
uremia
Renal Excretion Regulators [ ANS: ] These are the key hormones
that control what the kidneys do with water, sodium (Na⁺), and
potassium (K⁺).
what does the renal excretion regulator Aldosterone do? [ ANS: ]
(think: "salt + water saver, potassium pusher")
Reabsorbs sodium (Na⁺) and water (H₂O) from the renal tubules
back into the blood. → This increases blood volume and raises
blood pressure.
Regulates plasma potassium (K⁺): While Na⁺ is saved, K⁺ is
excreted into the urine. (So ↑ aldosterone → ↓ potassium in blood).
where does aldosterone come from? [ ANS: ] Adrenal cortex (part
of RAAS - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
, 2
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what does the renal excretion regulator Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH) a.k.a. "Don't Pee Hormone" do? [ ANS: ] ADH makes the
kidneys reabsorb water only (not sodium).
The result: less urine output, more concentrated urine, more water
in the blood.
"Less is MORE" = Less pee means more fluid in your body → ↑ blood
pressure, ↓ serum osmolality.
foods with Potassium (K⁺): [ ANS: ] bananas, oranges, potatoes,
spinach, beans, tomatoes.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
foods with Calcium (Ca²⁺): [ ANS: ] dairy, green leafy vegetables,
fortified foods.
foods with Magnesium (Mg²⁺): [ ANS: ] nuts, whole grains, green
Guru01 - Stuvia
vegetables.
foods with Sodium (Na⁺): [ ANS: ] processed foods, canned soups,
fast foods.
what is a renal diet? [ ANS: ] Protect kidney function
Reduce buildup of waste (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, fluids)
Prevent complications like hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia,
fluid overload, and hypertension
main components of a renal diet: [ ANS: ] Protein (moderate, not
high)
✅ Lean chicken, fish, eggs, yogurt
❌ Red/processed meats
Sodium (low)
✅ Fresh fruits/veggies, herbs, unsalted pasta/rice
, 3
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❌ Processed, canned, fast food, deli meats
Potassium (limit if high)
✅ Apples, grapes, berries, cucumbers, white bread/rice
❌ Bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, avocados
Phosphorus (limit if high)
✅ Fresh fruits/veggies, white rice, corn/rice cereal
❌ Dairy, nuts, beans, dark soda, whole grains
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Fluids (restricted if overloaded/dialysis)
✅ Track all intake (water, soup, ice, coffee, jello)
Guru01 - Stuvia
❌ Excess fluids, salty foods that increase thirst
why is oral intake for electrolyte replacement best? [ ANS: ] it is
safer, slower, and more physiologic (body absorbs at its own
pace, less risk of sudden imbalance).
electrolytes and the body system it most affects:
Na⁺
K⁺
Ca²⁺ & Mg²⁺ [ ANS: ] Brain
Heart
Nerves & Muscles
What is CKD / ESKD? [ ANS: ] Progressive and irreversible loss of
kidney function.
Leads to buildup of waste products in blood:
Azotemia = ↑ nitrogenous wastes (BUN, creatinine).
, 4
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Uremia = azotemia + symptoms (fatigue, nausea, confusion,
pruritus, edema).
Uremic syndrome [ ANS: ] patients "feel like crap": fatigue,
anorexia, nausea/vomiting, itching, confusion, pericarditis.
Why does CKD/ESKD develop?
Most common causes: [ ANS: ] Hypertension - chronic high BP
damages glomeruli. Often has a genetic component.
Diabetes Mellitus - uncontrolled hyperglycemia → damages
nephrons.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
other: drugs, autoimmune (lupus)
what happens when the kidneys cant filter? [ ANS: ] fluid overload,
electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, bone
Guru01 - Stuvia
disease.
stage 1 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR ≥90 (normal or high)
Normal function but risk factors present → Risk reduction!
stage 2 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 60-89
Mild ↓ kidney function → Confirm with labs & reduce risk!
stage 3 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 30-59
Moderate CKD → Intervention needed (control HTN, diet, fluids).
stage 4 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 15-29
Severe CKD → "We need to talk" about treatment decisions.
stage 5 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR <15
End Stage → Dialysis or transplant REQUIRED.
complications of CKD [ ANS: ] Metabolic, Cardiac, GI,
Hematologic
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
nur2243 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
foul breath and itchy skin are indicative of what problem? [ ANS: ]
Uremia, uremia causes pruritis
What are the possible causes for the 2+ pitting edema in someone
with CKD? [ ANS: ] Hypoalbuminemia, water retention from renal
failure
Why would a patient with CKD have a decrease in hemoglobin? [
© 2025 Assignment Expert
ANS: ] The patient's kidneys are no longer able to produce
erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
What are the indications for someone with CKD to need dialysis? [
Guru01 - Stuvia
ANS: ] electrolyte imbalances, volume overload, dialyzable toxins,
uremia
Renal Excretion Regulators [ ANS: ] These are the key hormones
that control what the kidneys do with water, sodium (Na⁺), and
potassium (K⁺).
what does the renal excretion regulator Aldosterone do? [ ANS: ]
(think: "salt + water saver, potassium pusher")
Reabsorbs sodium (Na⁺) and water (H₂O) from the renal tubules
back into the blood. → This increases blood volume and raises
blood pressure.
Regulates plasma potassium (K⁺): While Na⁺ is saved, K⁺ is
excreted into the urine. (So ↑ aldosterone → ↓ potassium in blood).
where does aldosterone come from? [ ANS: ] Adrenal cortex (part
of RAAS - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
what does the renal excretion regulator Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH) a.k.a. "Don't Pee Hormone" do? [ ANS: ] ADH makes the
kidneys reabsorb water only (not sodium).
The result: less urine output, more concentrated urine, more water
in the blood.
"Less is MORE" = Less pee means more fluid in your body → ↑ blood
pressure, ↓ serum osmolality.
foods with Potassium (K⁺): [ ANS: ] bananas, oranges, potatoes,
spinach, beans, tomatoes.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
foods with Calcium (Ca²⁺): [ ANS: ] dairy, green leafy vegetables,
fortified foods.
foods with Magnesium (Mg²⁺): [ ANS: ] nuts, whole grains, green
Guru01 - Stuvia
vegetables.
foods with Sodium (Na⁺): [ ANS: ] processed foods, canned soups,
fast foods.
what is a renal diet? [ ANS: ] Protect kidney function
Reduce buildup of waste (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, fluids)
Prevent complications like hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia,
fluid overload, and hypertension
main components of a renal diet: [ ANS: ] Protein (moderate, not
high)
✅ Lean chicken, fish, eggs, yogurt
❌ Red/processed meats
Sodium (low)
✅ Fresh fruits/veggies, herbs, unsalted pasta/rice
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
❌ Processed, canned, fast food, deli meats
Potassium (limit if high)
✅ Apples, grapes, berries, cucumbers, white bread/rice
❌ Bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, avocados
Phosphorus (limit if high)
✅ Fresh fruits/veggies, white rice, corn/rice cereal
❌ Dairy, nuts, beans, dark soda, whole grains
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Fluids (restricted if overloaded/dialysis)
✅ Track all intake (water, soup, ice, coffee, jello)
Guru01 - Stuvia
❌ Excess fluids, salty foods that increase thirst
why is oral intake for electrolyte replacement best? [ ANS: ] it is
safer, slower, and more physiologic (body absorbs at its own
pace, less risk of sudden imbalance).
electrolytes and the body system it most affects:
Na⁺
K⁺
Ca²⁺ & Mg²⁺ [ ANS: ] Brain
Heart
Nerves & Muscles
What is CKD / ESKD? [ ANS: ] Progressive and irreversible loss of
kidney function.
Leads to buildup of waste products in blood:
Azotemia = ↑ nitrogenous wastes (BUN, creatinine).
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Uremia = azotemia + symptoms (fatigue, nausea, confusion,
pruritus, edema).
Uremic syndrome [ ANS: ] patients "feel like crap": fatigue,
anorexia, nausea/vomiting, itching, confusion, pericarditis.
Why does CKD/ESKD develop?
Most common causes: [ ANS: ] Hypertension - chronic high BP
damages glomeruli. Often has a genetic component.
Diabetes Mellitus - uncontrolled hyperglycemia → damages
nephrons.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
other: drugs, autoimmune (lupus)
what happens when the kidneys cant filter? [ ANS: ] fluid overload,
electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, bone
Guru01 - Stuvia
disease.
stage 1 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR ≥90 (normal or high)
Normal function but risk factors present → Risk reduction!
stage 2 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 60-89
Mild ↓ kidney function → Confirm with labs & reduce risk!
stage 3 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 30-59
Moderate CKD → Intervention needed (control HTN, diet, fluids).
stage 4 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR 15-29
Severe CKD → "We need to talk" about treatment decisions.
stage 5 ckd [ ANS: ] GFR <15
End Stage → Dialysis or transplant REQUIRED.
complications of CKD [ ANS: ] Metabolic, Cardiac, GI,
Hematologic
