GMS 6552 Sample Questions and Model Solutions
A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer - correct answers ✔️✔️Oncogene
Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death - correct answers ✔️✔H
️ allmarks of Cancer
Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer - correct answers
✔️✔️In vivo oncogenic evidence
Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent - correct answers ✔️✔️In vitro oncogenic evidence
, Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene
mutations are being found - correct answers ✔️✔️Oncogenes in Cancer
G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ) - correct answers ✔️✔️Biochemical functions of
oncogenes
1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene - correct answers ✔️✔F️ ive Ways to Activate Oncogenes
Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western - correct answers ✔️✔️Amplification
Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer - correct answers ✔️✔️Oncogene
Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death - correct answers ✔️✔H
️ allmarks of Cancer
Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer - correct answers
✔️✔️In vivo oncogenic evidence
Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent - correct answers ✔️✔️In vitro oncogenic evidence
, Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene
mutations are being found - correct answers ✔️✔️Oncogenes in Cancer
G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ) - correct answers ✔️✔️Biochemical functions of
oncogenes
1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene - correct answers ✔️✔F️ ive Ways to Activate Oncogenes
Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western - correct answers ✔️✔️Amplification
Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
