Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam Fall Session | Comprehensive Q&A For Certification Success. Already Graded A+.

Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 Fall Session | Comprehensive Q&A For Certification Success. Already Graded A+. Stress fracture - CORRECT ANS from repeated excessive stress Common in the tibia, femur, and metatarsals depressed fracture - CORRECT ANS occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain osteoclasts - CORRECT ANS breakdown of spongy bone osteoblasts - CORRECT ANS rebuild new compact bone Osteocytes - CORRECT ANS osteoblasts surrounded by calcified extracellular material Lamellae - CORRECT ANS thin layers of osteocytes Albinism - CORRECT ANS a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes (little to no melanin production) mole (birthmark) - CORRECT ANS brown nevi, should be monitored for cancerous changes Mongolian spots - CORRECT ANS flat, bluish discolored area on the lower back and/or buttock Hemangiomas (birthmarks) - CORRECT ANS aka strawberries, bright red patches of extra blood vessels in the skin (can be blue = deeper blood vessels) macular stains - CORRECT ANS aka salmon patches, angel kisses, stork bites, Faint red marks often occurring on the forehead, eyelids, posterior neck, nose, upper lip, or posterior head Ocular albinism - CORRECT ANS Skin and eye colors are usually normal; however, an eye exam will reveal no coloring of the retina in one or both irises Contact dermatitis - CORRECT ANS Acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance Urticaria - CORRECT ANS Raised erythematous skin lesions (welts) Result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction often triggered by food (hives) (anaphylaxis) Psoriasis - CORRECT ANS autoimmune skin disease, chronic inflammatory condition that affects skin cell life cycle, specifically keratinocytes (use corticosteroid agents) Cellulitis - CORRECT ANS Inflammation, usually results from a direct invasion of pathogens through a break in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infection Appears as a swollen, warm, tender area of erythema, fever Rosacea - CORRECT ANS Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks Furuncles - CORRECT ANS large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands; boils (Most commonly occur on the face, neck, axillae, groin, buttocks, and back) herpes zoster - CORRECT ANS (shingles) an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve Molluscum contagiosum - CORRECT ANS Localized chronic infection, transmits through direct contact, poxvirus infection characterized by pink, cone-shaped, smooth, waxy, or pearly papules Tinea fungi - CORRECT ANS Causes several types of superficial fungal infections, typically grow in warm, moist places (e.g., showers), Typically manifests as a circular, erythematous rash accompanied by pruritus and burning, Tinea capitis: involving the scalp, Tinea corporis: involving the body, Tinea pedis: involving the feet, especially the toes, Tinea unguium: involving the nails, typically the toenails, Treatment: topical and systemic antifungal agents scabies - CORRECT ANS contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact Lice - CORRECT ANS small insects that attach to hair and feed on human blood Gout - CORRECT ANS a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the tissues of joints phases of gout - CORRECT ANS 1. Asymptomatic: Uric levels climb in the bloodstream and crystals deposit in the tissue, Crystals accumulate, damaging tissue Acute flares or attack: Tissue damage triggers an acute inflammation, Characterized by pain, burning, redness, swelling, and warmth at the affected joint lasting days to weeks, most initial attacks occur in the lower extremities (most often the big toe) Intercortical period: After the attack subsides and the disease is clinically inactive until the next flare, Hyperuricemia and crystal accumulation continues, These periods in between attacks become shorter as the disease progresses, Reoccurring attacks are often precipitated by sudden increases in serum uric acid Chronic gouty arthritis: Characterized by joint soreness and aching present most of the time, may also develop tophi that can drain or renal calculi muscular dystrophy - CORRECT ANS a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass Psoriatic arthritis - CORRECT ANS An inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin Burns - CORRECT ANS Injury that can result from exposure to a thermal or nonthermal source first degree burn - CORRECT ANS affect only the epidermis and cause pain, erythema, and edema second degree burn - CORRECT ANS affect the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering third degree burn - CORRECT ANS extend into deeper tissues and cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb burn complications - CORRECT ANS local infection (particularly Staphylococcus infection), sepsis, hypovolemia, shock, hypothermia, respiratory problems, eschar, scarring, and contractures Pressure injuries - CORRECT ANS Soft-tissue injuries that occur as a result of unrelieved mechanical pressure, Results in areas of necrosis and ulceration where the tissue is compressed between bony prominences and external hard surfaces, most common sites for these injuries are the sacrum, ischial tuberosities, trochanters, malleoli, and heels, though can develop anywhere Stage I Pressure Injury - CORRECT ANS Skin intact; Erythema; Does NOT blanch, erythema is present Stage II pressure injury - CORRECT ANS Erosion or blister with or without true ulcerations, no exposed subcutaneous tissue Stage III Pressure Injury - CORRECT ANS Full-thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue down to the underlying fascia Stage IV pressure injury - CORRECT ANS Full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, and damage to exposed supporting structures What do you use to measure pressure injuries? - CORRECT ANS Braden scale basal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANS -Most common -Develops from abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis -Rarely metastasizes Squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANS involves changes in the squamous cells, found in the middle layer of the epidermis Melanoma - CORRECT ANS -Develops in the melanocytes -Least common type but the most serious -Often metastasizes to other areas Fracture healing - CORRECT ANS -Hematoma forms -Necrosis of the broken bone ends occurs -Fibroblasts invade the clot within a few days -Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers, which form a mass of cells and fibers called a callus -Callus bridges the broken bone ends together inside and outside over 2-6 weeks -Osteoblasts invade the callus and slowly convert it to bone in from 3 weeks to several months (usually 4-6 weeks) Fat embolism - CORRECT ANS -fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture -Outcome can be fatal if the emboli travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart -Prevention: early immobilization Osteonecrosis - CORRECT ANS -death of bone t