HUN 2201 Exam #3 Questions with Verified Solutions
Match the hormone/peptide with its respective hunger signal (increases hunger/appetite OR
decreases hunger/appetite)
I. Ghrelin
II. CCK
III. Cortisol
IV. Leptin
V. Serotonin - Answers I. Ghrelin (increases hunger/appetite)
II. CCK (decreases hunger/appetite)
III. Cortisol (increases hunger/appetite)
IV. Leptin (decreases hunger/appetite)
V. Serotonin (decreases hunger/appetite)
Determine whether the following factors increases or decreases basal metabolic rate
I. Thyroid hormone
II. Very low calorie diet (< 800 kcal/d)
III. Aging - Answers I. Thyroid hormone (increases basal metabolic rate)
II. Very low calorie diet of < 800 kcal/d (decreases basal metabolic rate)
III. Aging (decreases basal metabolic rate)
True or False. Eicosanoids are hormone-like substances that are synthesized from DHA/EPA
which can be obtained from seafood, nuts, and plant oils. Eicosanoids play a significant role in
inflammation and blood clotting. - Answers True
Blake weighs 235 lbs (106.8kg). He stands at 5'9'' (1.75m). Calculate his BMI and interpret.
a. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade III
b. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade I
c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; overweight
c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese - Answers c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese.
,BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m)^2). = 106.8 / (1.75)^2 = 34.8
Obesity grade 1: BMI is between 30.0 - 34.9
What is the structure of a protein? - Answers a sequence/long chains of amino acids
what is the structure of an amino acid? - Answers Amine group (N-terminus), Carboxyl group
(right side), Side chain (R-group)
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - Answers the R group
__________ amino acids are ones that our body cannot be produced and thus must be supplied
through consumption ; whereas _________ amino acids are produced by our body - Answers
essential ; nonessential
what are some examples of essential amino acids. - Answers lysin, tryptophan, phenylalanine,
and valine
what are some examples of nonessential amino acids. - Answers alanine, glutamate, glycine,
cysteine and aspartic acid
what is the process of protein digestion and absorption? - Answers The process starts in the
mouth with mechanical digestion. Then the stomach continues the process by secreting
pepsinogen which is activated by HCl. Then the active enzyme helps break the protein into small
polypeptides. Then the pancreas secretes trypsinogen and other inactive proteases which get
activated in the lumen of the small intestine. The polypeptides get further broken into amino
acids, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.
what is the process of protein synthesis - Answers mRNA is transcripted from DNA in the
nucleus. mRNA is translated with amino acids to synthesize proteins.
What are the three types of protein functions? - Answers structural, regulatory, and energy
What are the structural functions of proteins? - Answers - collagen supports and strengthens
skin, cartilage, bones, and connective tissues
- keratin forms the tissues of hair, nails, and skin
- cell components (ion channels such as Na+/K- pump)
- actin/myosin generates movements in muscles
What are the regulatory functions of proteins - Answers - enzymes
- hormones
- receptors (insulin, lipoprotein leptin receptors, etc)
, - transporters (albumin, hemoglobin, SGLT1, GLUT2, etc)
- defense (antibodies, fibrin, etc)
- buffers
what is gluconeogenesis - Answers the production of new glucose molecules when you have
consumed any for an extended period of time (e.g sleeping)
what is the process of gluconeogenesis? - Answers The process begins by breaking down body
protein starting with skeletal muscles. Amino Acids are broken down and transported in the
blood. In the liver, deamination occurs. The carbon skeleton from the amino acid (since the
nitrogen was separated) is used to make Glucose. The nitrogen is then removed through the
kidneys and urine.
True or False. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. - Answers True
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - Answers A reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of
a water molecule
What is dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction? - Answers A reaction in which a bond is
formed between two molecules, or compounds, following the removal of water.
What are the top 8 food allergies? - Answers milk, fish, tree nuts, shellfish, peanuts, wheat, eggs,
and soybeans
What is the process of how allergies affect the body? - Answers Once the protein of the allergen
(mast cells) enters the body, it binds to antibodies. The mast cell then releases histamines
(which results in anaphylaxes, rashes, diarrhea, etc.)
what does protein malnutrition result in? - Answers This results in lack of hemoglobin in red
blood cells and causes anemia. It also results in higher risk of infection, fatigue, weight loss and
other deficiencies
What is Kwashiorkor disease? - Answers This is a disease caused by protein deficiency but
adequate calories. This results in low albumin levels (protein in blood that regulates fluid
balance), thus resulting in excess fluid in the abdominal cavity. Overall symptoms include
grossly edematous abdomen, liver enlargement, lethargy, failure to grow, and skin infection
What is Marasmus disease? - Answers This is a disease caused by protein and caloric
deficiency. Essentially, it is starvation (cachexia: severe wasting) that results in no muscles or
fat.
________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels but adequate calories while _________ is
characterized by inadequate protein levels and inadequate calories - Answers kwashiorkor ;
marasmus
Match the hormone/peptide with its respective hunger signal (increases hunger/appetite OR
decreases hunger/appetite)
I. Ghrelin
II. CCK
III. Cortisol
IV. Leptin
V. Serotonin - Answers I. Ghrelin (increases hunger/appetite)
II. CCK (decreases hunger/appetite)
III. Cortisol (increases hunger/appetite)
IV. Leptin (decreases hunger/appetite)
V. Serotonin (decreases hunger/appetite)
Determine whether the following factors increases or decreases basal metabolic rate
I. Thyroid hormone
II. Very low calorie diet (< 800 kcal/d)
III. Aging - Answers I. Thyroid hormone (increases basal metabolic rate)
II. Very low calorie diet of < 800 kcal/d (decreases basal metabolic rate)
III. Aging (decreases basal metabolic rate)
True or False. Eicosanoids are hormone-like substances that are synthesized from DHA/EPA
which can be obtained from seafood, nuts, and plant oils. Eicosanoids play a significant role in
inflammation and blood clotting. - Answers True
Blake weighs 235 lbs (106.8kg). He stands at 5'9'' (1.75m). Calculate his BMI and interpret.
a. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade III
b. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade I
c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; overweight
c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese - Answers c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese.
,BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m)^2). = 106.8 / (1.75)^2 = 34.8
Obesity grade 1: BMI is between 30.0 - 34.9
What is the structure of a protein? - Answers a sequence/long chains of amino acids
what is the structure of an amino acid? - Answers Amine group (N-terminus), Carboxyl group
(right side), Side chain (R-group)
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - Answers the R group
__________ amino acids are ones that our body cannot be produced and thus must be supplied
through consumption ; whereas _________ amino acids are produced by our body - Answers
essential ; nonessential
what are some examples of essential amino acids. - Answers lysin, tryptophan, phenylalanine,
and valine
what are some examples of nonessential amino acids. - Answers alanine, glutamate, glycine,
cysteine and aspartic acid
what is the process of protein digestion and absorption? - Answers The process starts in the
mouth with mechanical digestion. Then the stomach continues the process by secreting
pepsinogen which is activated by HCl. Then the active enzyme helps break the protein into small
polypeptides. Then the pancreas secretes trypsinogen and other inactive proteases which get
activated in the lumen of the small intestine. The polypeptides get further broken into amino
acids, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.
what is the process of protein synthesis - Answers mRNA is transcripted from DNA in the
nucleus. mRNA is translated with amino acids to synthesize proteins.
What are the three types of protein functions? - Answers structural, regulatory, and energy
What are the structural functions of proteins? - Answers - collagen supports and strengthens
skin, cartilage, bones, and connective tissues
- keratin forms the tissues of hair, nails, and skin
- cell components (ion channels such as Na+/K- pump)
- actin/myosin generates movements in muscles
What are the regulatory functions of proteins - Answers - enzymes
- hormones
- receptors (insulin, lipoprotein leptin receptors, etc)
, - transporters (albumin, hemoglobin, SGLT1, GLUT2, etc)
- defense (antibodies, fibrin, etc)
- buffers
what is gluconeogenesis - Answers the production of new glucose molecules when you have
consumed any for an extended period of time (e.g sleeping)
what is the process of gluconeogenesis? - Answers The process begins by breaking down body
protein starting with skeletal muscles. Amino Acids are broken down and transported in the
blood. In the liver, deamination occurs. The carbon skeleton from the amino acid (since the
nitrogen was separated) is used to make Glucose. The nitrogen is then removed through the
kidneys and urine.
True or False. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. - Answers True
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - Answers A reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of
a water molecule
What is dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction? - Answers A reaction in which a bond is
formed between two molecules, or compounds, following the removal of water.
What are the top 8 food allergies? - Answers milk, fish, tree nuts, shellfish, peanuts, wheat, eggs,
and soybeans
What is the process of how allergies affect the body? - Answers Once the protein of the allergen
(mast cells) enters the body, it binds to antibodies. The mast cell then releases histamines
(which results in anaphylaxes, rashes, diarrhea, etc.)
what does protein malnutrition result in? - Answers This results in lack of hemoglobin in red
blood cells and causes anemia. It also results in higher risk of infection, fatigue, weight loss and
other deficiencies
What is Kwashiorkor disease? - Answers This is a disease caused by protein deficiency but
adequate calories. This results in low albumin levels (protein in blood that regulates fluid
balance), thus resulting in excess fluid in the abdominal cavity. Overall symptoms include
grossly edematous abdomen, liver enlargement, lethargy, failure to grow, and skin infection
What is Marasmus disease? - Answers This is a disease caused by protein and caloric
deficiency. Essentially, it is starvation (cachexia: severe wasting) that results in no muscles or
fat.
________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels but adequate calories while _________ is
characterized by inadequate protein levels and inadequate calories - Answers kwashiorkor ;
marasmus
