BIOLOGY 189 STANDARD EXAM SHEET 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length
(usually 16 or 18 carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon
at one end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives
these molecules the name fatty ACID)
✔✔Glycerol - ✔✔A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained
from animal fats and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic
tail, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
✔✔Phospholipid Bilayer - ✔✔A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid
molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all
cells.
✔✔Sterol - ✔✔Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell
membrane where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
✔✔Triacylglycerol - ✔✔Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride
✔✔Amino Acids - ✔✔Organic molecules that have both a carboxyl group and an amino
group. Serves as the monomers of polypeptides.
✔✔Amino Group - ✔✔A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bounded to two
hydrogen atoms; can act a a base in solution. Accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a
charge of 1+
✔✔Disulfide Bridges - ✔✔Covalent bonds that form where two cysteine monomers,
which have sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the
folding of the protein.
✔✔Gene Expression - ✔✔DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls
protein synthesis
✔✔Peptide Bond - ✔✔The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino
acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction, which form
amino acid polymers (polypeptides).
✔✔Polypeptide - ✔✔A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
,✔✔Renaturation - ✔✔The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native
configuration
✔✔R Group - ✔✔An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is
attached to the rest of the molecule.
✔✔Side Chains - ✔✔A group of molecules attached to a backbone chain of a long
molecule.
✔✔Sickle-Cell Disease - ✔✔An inherited blood disorder, caused by the substitution of
one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the
primary structure of hemoglobin
✔✔Subunit - ✔✔Biochemical molecules comprised of distinct components
✔✔Disaccharide Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔DNA vs. RNA - ✔✔
✔✔Monosaccaride molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Triacylglycerol Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔steroid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Estradiol and Testosterone - ✔✔
✔✔Amino Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Phospholipid Saturated - ✔✔
✔✔Renaturation and Denaturation Protein - ✔✔
✔✔DNA Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔DNA Replication Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔RNA Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Receptor proteins - ✔✔Allows a virus to enter cells
, ✔✔Glucose Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Primary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Secondary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Tertiary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Quaternary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Hemoglobin - ✔✔A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the
body.
✔✔Which of the following categories includes all other in the list? - ✔✔Carbohydrate
✔✔The enzyme anaylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers
only if the monomers are in the a form. Which of the following could amylase break
down? - ✔✔Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
✔✔Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats? - ✔✔they have a double bonds in
their fatty acids chains
✔✔The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is
the.. - ✔✔Primary level
✔✔Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bond that join
nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these
enzymes? - ✔✔The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucltide backbone would be
broken
✔✔The molecular formula for glucose is C6 H12 O6. What would be the molecular
formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration
reactions? - ✔✔C60 H100 O50
✔✔Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a
normal double helix of DNA? - ✔✔5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length
(usually 16 or 18 carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon
at one end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives
these molecules the name fatty ACID)
✔✔Glycerol - ✔✔A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained
from animal fats and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic
tail, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
✔✔Phospholipid Bilayer - ✔✔A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid
molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all
cells.
✔✔Sterol - ✔✔Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell
membrane where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
✔✔Triacylglycerol - ✔✔Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride
✔✔Amino Acids - ✔✔Organic molecules that have both a carboxyl group and an amino
group. Serves as the monomers of polypeptides.
✔✔Amino Group - ✔✔A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bounded to two
hydrogen atoms; can act a a base in solution. Accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a
charge of 1+
✔✔Disulfide Bridges - ✔✔Covalent bonds that form where two cysteine monomers,
which have sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the
folding of the protein.
✔✔Gene Expression - ✔✔DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls
protein synthesis
✔✔Peptide Bond - ✔✔The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino
acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction, which form
amino acid polymers (polypeptides).
✔✔Polypeptide - ✔✔A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
,✔✔Renaturation - ✔✔The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native
configuration
✔✔R Group - ✔✔An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is
attached to the rest of the molecule.
✔✔Side Chains - ✔✔A group of molecules attached to a backbone chain of a long
molecule.
✔✔Sickle-Cell Disease - ✔✔An inherited blood disorder, caused by the substitution of
one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the
primary structure of hemoglobin
✔✔Subunit - ✔✔Biochemical molecules comprised of distinct components
✔✔Disaccharide Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔DNA vs. RNA - ✔✔
✔✔Monosaccaride molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Triacylglycerol Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔steroid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Estradiol and Testosterone - ✔✔
✔✔Amino Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Phospholipid Saturated - ✔✔
✔✔Renaturation and Denaturation Protein - ✔✔
✔✔DNA Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔DNA Replication Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔RNA Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Receptor proteins - ✔✔Allows a virus to enter cells
, ✔✔Glucose Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acid Molecule - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Primary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Secondary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Tertiary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Protein Quaternary Structure - ✔✔
✔✔Hemoglobin - ✔✔A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the
body.
✔✔Which of the following categories includes all other in the list? - ✔✔Carbohydrate
✔✔The enzyme anaylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers
only if the monomers are in the a form. Which of the following could amylase break
down? - ✔✔Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
✔✔Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats? - ✔✔they have a double bonds in
their fatty acids chains
✔✔The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is
the.. - ✔✔Primary level
✔✔Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bond that join
nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these
enzymes? - ✔✔The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucltide backbone would be
broken
✔✔The molecular formula for glucose is C6 H12 O6. What would be the molecular
formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration
reactions? - ✔✔C60 H100 O50
✔✔Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a
normal double helix of DNA? - ✔✔5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
