1
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Fresenius RN Exam Questions and Answers
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What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system?—Ans: 2
Kidneys
2 Ureters
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Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow?—Ans:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the
bladder where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body
via the urethra.
What is a nephron?—Ans: Nephrons are the functional units of the
kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of?—Ans: Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of?—Ans: Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney?—Ans: Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys?—Ans: A
Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for?—Ans: A - acid base balance
maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
, 2
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E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease?—Ans: GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid
through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease?—Ans: 1. 90 or greater
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2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
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5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease?—Ans: 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities
point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure?—Ans: Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure?—Ans: Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure?—Ans: Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
, 3
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What can cause chronic renal failure?—Ans: Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure?—Ans:
Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include:—Ans: Polycystic
Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
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Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure?—Ans: Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
, 4
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Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure?—Ans: Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
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Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia?—Ans: Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
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What causes anemia?—Ans: Decreased of lacking erythropoietin
production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated?—Ans: Erythropoietin stimulating agents
(ESA's) are administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the
bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and
Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia?—Ans: Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
Role of iron and iron medications with Anemia?—Ans: Iron bind
with RBC's
Formulates Hgb
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Fresenius RN Exam Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded
A+
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system?—Ans: 2
Kidneys
2 Ureters
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow?—Ans:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Guru01 - Stuvia
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the
bladder where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body
via the urethra.
What is a nephron?—Ans: Nephrons are the functional units of the
kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of?—Ans: Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of?—Ans: Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney?—Ans: Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys?—Ans: A
Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for?—Ans: A - acid base balance
maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease?—Ans: GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid
through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease?—Ans: 1. 90 or greater
© 2025 Assignment Expert
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
Guru01 - Stuvia
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease?—Ans: 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities
point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure?—Ans: Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure?—Ans: Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure?—Ans: Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
What can cause chronic renal failure?—Ans: Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure?—Ans:
Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include:—Ans: Polycystic
Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Guru01 - Stuvia
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure?—Ans: Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure?—Ans: Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia?—Ans: Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
Guru01 - Stuvia
What causes anemia?—Ans: Decreased of lacking erythropoietin
production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated?—Ans: Erythropoietin stimulating agents
(ESA's) are administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the
bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and
Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia?—Ans: Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
Role of iron and iron medications with Anemia?—Ans: Iron bind
with RBC's
Formulates Hgb
