1
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Fresenius RN Exam Newest 2025/2026
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What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? [ ANS: ]
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
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Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? [ ANS: ]
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the
bladder where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body
via the urethra.
What is a nephron? [ ANS: ] Nephrons are the functional units of
the kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form
urine.
What are nephrons composed of? [ ANS: ] Glomerulus and
Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? [ ANS: ] Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? [ ANS: ] Through the renal
artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? [ ANS: ] A
Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? [ ANS: ] A - acid base balance
maintenance
, 2
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W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease? [ ANS: ] GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid
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through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? [ ANS: ] 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
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3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? [ ANS: ] 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities
point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? [ ANS: ] Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? [ ANS: ] Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure? [ ANS: ] Sudden Onset
, 3
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Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? [ ANS: ] Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? [ ANS: ]
Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: [ ANS: ] Polycystic
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Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Guru01 - Stuvia
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? [ ANS: ] Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
, 4
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Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? [ ANS: ] Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
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Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
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Loss of appetite
What is anemia? [ ANS: ] Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? [ ANS: ] Decreased of lacking
erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? [ ANS: ] Erythropoietin stimulating agents
(ESA's) are administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the
bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and
Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia? [ ANS: ] Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Fresenius RN Exam Newest 2025/2026
Complete Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers)|Brand New Version!
Questions and Answers (100% Correct
Answers) Already Graded A+
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? [ ANS: ]
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? [ ANS: ]
Guru01 - Stuvia
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the
bladder where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body
via the urethra.
What is a nephron? [ ANS: ] Nephrons are the functional units of
the kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form
urine.
What are nephrons composed of? [ ANS: ] Glomerulus and
Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? [ ANS: ] Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? [ ANS: ] Through the renal
artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? [ ANS: ] A
Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? [ ANS: ] A - acid base balance
maintenance
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease? [ ANS: ] GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid
© 2025 Assignment Expert
through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? [ ANS: ] 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
Guru01 - Stuvia
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? [ ANS: ] 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities
point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? [ ANS: ] Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? [ ANS: ] Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure? [ ANS: ] Sudden Onset
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? [ ANS: ] Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? [ ANS: ]
Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: [ ANS: ] Polycystic
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Guru01 - Stuvia
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? [ ANS: ] Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? [ ANS: ] Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
Guru01 - Stuvia
Loss of appetite
What is anemia? [ ANS: ] Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? [ ANS: ] Decreased of lacking
erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? [ ANS: ] Erythropoietin stimulating agents
(ESA's) are administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the
bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and
Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia? [ ANS: ] Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
