FRESENIUS RN COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026
STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS
GRADED A++
● Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? Answer:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder
where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
● What is a nephron? Answer: Nephrons are the functional units of the
kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
● What are nephrons composed of? Answer: Glomerulus and Tubules
● What is a glomerulus composed of? Answer: Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
● How does blood enter the kidney? Answer: Through the renal artery
● What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? Answer: A
Wet Bed
,● What does A Wet Bed stand for? Answer: A - acid base balance
maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
● What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease? Answer: GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through
the kidney.
● GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? Answer: 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
,● Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? Answer: 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to
kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
● What are the types of kidney failure? Answer: Acute and chronic
● What can cause acute renal failure? Answer: Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
● Characteristics of acute renal failure? Answer: Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
● What can cause chronic renal failure? Answer: Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
, ● What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? Answer: Slow
onset
Progressive
Permanent
● Other causes of Renal Failure can include: Answer: Polycystic
Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
● Classic signs of renal failure? Answer: Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS
GRADED A++
● Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? Answer:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder
where it is stored and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
● What is a nephron? Answer: Nephrons are the functional units of the
kidney. They are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
● What are nephrons composed of? Answer: Glomerulus and Tubules
● What is a glomerulus composed of? Answer: Tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
● How does blood enter the kidney? Answer: Through the renal artery
● What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? Answer: A
Wet Bed
,● What does A Wet Bed stand for? Answer: A - acid base balance
maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
● What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney
disease? Answer: GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through
the kidney.
● GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? Answer: 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
,● Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? Answer: 1. Normal
kidney function but urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to
kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
● What are the types of kidney failure? Answer: Acute and chronic
● What can cause acute renal failure? Answer: Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
● Characteristics of acute renal failure? Answer: Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
● What can cause chronic renal failure? Answer: Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
, ● What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? Answer: Slow
onset
Progressive
Permanent
● Other causes of Renal Failure can include: Answer: Polycystic
Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
● Classic signs of renal failure? Answer: Elevated serum
BUN/creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
