BIOLOGY CLEP EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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1. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of interconnected membranes consisting of sacs and canals. Trans-
ports material
2. Ribosomes: Particles composed of protein and RNA. Function: Bodies where proteins are synthesized.
3. Golgi body, also Golgi Apparatus: Group of flattened, membranous sacs. Function: Packages protein
molecules for secretion; origin of lysosomes.
4. Lysosomes: Membranous sacs. Function: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.
5. Centrosome: Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles. Function: Helps distribute chro-
mosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction and intiates formation of cilia.
6. Cilia and flagella: Hairlike projections attached to basal bodies beneath cell membrane. Function: Propel
fluids over cellular surface and enable certain cells to move.
7. Microfilaments and microtubules: Thin rods and tubules. Function: Provide support to cytoplasm
and help move objects within the cytoplasm; make up cytoskeleton
8. Nuclear envelope: Porous double membrane that seperates nuclear contents from cytoplasm. Function:
controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
9. Chromatin: Fibers composed of protein and DNA molecules. Function: Contains genetic information for protein
synthesis.
10. Cytoplasm: The cytiolasm is a semifluid substance representing the foundation of the cell. Holds organelles
("little organs").
11. Chemical structure of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular
compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
12. Chemical structure of lipids: Saponifiable lipids contain long chain carboxylic acids, or fatty acids,
esterified to a "backbone" molecule, which is either glycerol or sphingosine.
13. Chemical structure of proteins: The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of
amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds,
which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation
14. Chemical structure of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides linked in a chain
through phosphodiester bonds
15. Properties of cell membranes: It is a barrier that separates a cell from its surrounding environment.
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Carbohydrates
1/9
, BIOLOGY CLEP EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i3ifad
16. Prokaryotic Cells: No cell membrane or cell nucleus. Bacteria
17. Eukaryotic cells: All animals and plants
18. Enzyme-substrate complex: A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate
molecule(s).
19. Roles of coenzymes: A specific type of cofactor, coenzymes, are organic molecules that bind to enzymes
and help them function. organic molecules are simply molecules that contain carbon
20. Inorganic cofactors: A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein's
biological activity. Cofactors serve the same purpose as coenzymes. The big difference is that coenzymes are organic
substances, while cofactors are inorganic.
21. Inhibition and regulation enzymes: An inhibitor, or a molecule that binds to an enzyme and
disrupts its activity.
22. Glycolysis: A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to
either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
23. Anaerobic Pathways: Anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen and uses the energy contained in
glucose for the formation of ATP. This pathway occurs within the cytoplasm and breaks glucose down into a simpler
component called pyruvate. As an intermediate pathway between the phosphagen and aerobic system, anaerobic
glycolysis can produce ATP quite rapidly for use during activities requiring large bursts of energy over somewhat longer
periods of time
24. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
25. Structure of chromosomes:
26. Chromosomes cont.: In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
27. Mitosis in plants: Plant mitosis is the process through which a plant cell divides and creates two identical
copies of itself, which are referred to as daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells gets a complete copy of the genetic
material contained in its parent cell. The phases of plant mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, and cytokinesis.
28. Mitosis in animals: These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one
copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
2/9
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i3ifad
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of interconnected membranes consisting of sacs and canals. Trans-
ports material
2. Ribosomes: Particles composed of protein and RNA. Function: Bodies where proteins are synthesized.
3. Golgi body, also Golgi Apparatus: Group of flattened, membranous sacs. Function: Packages protein
molecules for secretion; origin of lysosomes.
4. Lysosomes: Membranous sacs. Function: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.
5. Centrosome: Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles. Function: Helps distribute chro-
mosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction and intiates formation of cilia.
6. Cilia and flagella: Hairlike projections attached to basal bodies beneath cell membrane. Function: Propel
fluids over cellular surface and enable certain cells to move.
7. Microfilaments and microtubules: Thin rods and tubules. Function: Provide support to cytoplasm
and help move objects within the cytoplasm; make up cytoskeleton
8. Nuclear envelope: Porous double membrane that seperates nuclear contents from cytoplasm. Function:
controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
9. Chromatin: Fibers composed of protein and DNA molecules. Function: Contains genetic information for protein
synthesis.
10. Cytoplasm: The cytiolasm is a semifluid substance representing the foundation of the cell. Holds organelles
("little organs").
11. Chemical structure of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular
compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
12. Chemical structure of lipids: Saponifiable lipids contain long chain carboxylic acids, or fatty acids,
esterified to a "backbone" molecule, which is either glycerol or sphingosine.
13. Chemical structure of proteins: The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of
amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds,
which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation
14. Chemical structure of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides linked in a chain
through phosphodiester bonds
15. Properties of cell membranes: It is a barrier that separates a cell from its surrounding environment.
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Carbohydrates
1/9
, BIOLOGY CLEP EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i3ifad
16. Prokaryotic Cells: No cell membrane or cell nucleus. Bacteria
17. Eukaryotic cells: All animals and plants
18. Enzyme-substrate complex: A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate
molecule(s).
19. Roles of coenzymes: A specific type of cofactor, coenzymes, are organic molecules that bind to enzymes
and help them function. organic molecules are simply molecules that contain carbon
20. Inorganic cofactors: A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein's
biological activity. Cofactors serve the same purpose as coenzymes. The big difference is that coenzymes are organic
substances, while cofactors are inorganic.
21. Inhibition and regulation enzymes: An inhibitor, or a molecule that binds to an enzyme and
disrupts its activity.
22. Glycolysis: A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to
either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
23. Anaerobic Pathways: Anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen and uses the energy contained in
glucose for the formation of ATP. This pathway occurs within the cytoplasm and breaks glucose down into a simpler
component called pyruvate. As an intermediate pathway between the phosphagen and aerobic system, anaerobic
glycolysis can produce ATP quite rapidly for use during activities requiring large bursts of energy over somewhat longer
periods of time
24. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
25. Structure of chromosomes:
26. Chromosomes cont.: In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
27. Mitosis in plants: Plant mitosis is the process through which a plant cell divides and creates two identical
copies of itself, which are referred to as daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells gets a complete copy of the genetic
material contained in its parent cell. The phases of plant mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, and cytokinesis.
28. Mitosis in animals: These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one
copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
2/9
