BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
Small branching glands within each lobe containing tiny, hallow sacs called alveoli are what? -
(ANSWER)Lobules
What reproductive hormone makes joints soften and become more elastic? - (ANSWER)Relaxin &
Progesterone
What is located between the fourchette anteriorly and the anus posteriorly? - (ANSWER)Perineum
Why is the the vagina acidic? - (ANSWER)Because of lactobacilli
What supports the glandular structures of the breast and allow mobility on the chest wall? -
(ANSWER)Cooper's ligaments
What is the area around the squamocolumnar junction where squamous metaplasia? -
(ANSWER)transformation Zone
What are the normal size of ovaries? - (ANSWER)3x2x1
Ovaries are responsible for secretion of what? - (ANSWER)Estrogen and progesterone
The external os appears how for nulliparous women? - (ANSWER)Small and round
The external os appears how for women who have had vaginal births? - (ANSWER)Larger and slit-like
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is released from where? - (ANSWER)The hypothalamus
GnRH releases what from the anterior pituitary gland? - (ANSWER)FSH and LH
What steroid hormones are produced in the ovaries in response to FSH and LH? - (ANSWER)Estrogen,
progesterone and androgens
,BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
What is a negative feedback loop? - (ANSWER)When estrogen and progesterone reach levels above a set
point, the hypothalamus decreases secretion of GnRH --- which leads to decrease in secretion of FSH
and LH
When estrogen and progesterone fall below a set point, the hypothalamus increases secretion of FSH
and LH
What is a positive feedback loop? - (ANSWER)When estrogen reaches a peak just before ovulation, the
hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH & causes a surge of FSH and LH (primarily LH) and release of
mature ovum from ovary
What is the main function of estrogen? - (ANSWER)development of secondary sex characteristics,
regulation of menstrual cycle
Estradiol is the estrogen seen in? - (ANSWER)Reproductive years
Estrone is the major source of estrogen during what time? - (ANSWER)menopause
What is the main function of androgens? - (ANSWER)Long bone growth; growth of pubic and axillary hair
Activin main function? - (ANSWER)stimulates FSH secretion
What regulates contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle? - (ANSWER)Prostaglandins
Where are sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) produced at? - (ANSWER)In the liver
What factors increase SHBG? - (ANSWER)Hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, estrogen-containing oral
contraception
What factors decrease SHBG? - (ANSWER)Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia, androgens
,BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
Where is prolactin produced and what does it stimulate? - (ANSWER)Prolactin is produced in the
anterior pituitary gland and stimulates synthesis of milk proteins in mammary tissue and epithelial
growth in breast during pregnancy
When does thelarche begin? - (ANSWER)Around age 9 (breast budding)
What is adrenarche? - (ANSWER)Growth of pubic and axillary hair starts after breast development
-starts with sparse growth of long downy hair along labia and progresses to coarser curlier hair
spreading sparsely over the pubic symphsis
What is delayed onset of puberty? - (ANSWER)No breast growth by age 14 or no skeletal growth spurt
by age 15
What is precocious puberty? - (ANSWER)No breast or pubic hair development before age 7 in white
females or in age 6 in black females
Explain Menstrual/ovarian cycle ? - (ANSWER)-Timed from day 1 of one menstrual bleed to day 1 of the
next menstrual bleed (average of 28 days)
Start with follicular phase which begins day one of menses
-GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
-Follicles recruited in ovaries mature and produce estrogen
-High levels of estrogen result in a decrease in FSH and LH
-Dominant follicle with the greatest number of estrogen receptors emerges and all other follicles die
-Estrogen decreases, FSH and LH rise
-Dominant follicle begin producing high levels of estrogen
-LH surge begins with ovulation occurring 32-44 hours later
Explain ovulation? - (ANSWER)LH surge peaks 10-12 hours before ovulation
-dominant follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte
, BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
-Oocyte can be fertilized for 12-24 hours after released
How long can a oocyte be fertilized for? - (ANSWER)12-24 hours
How long is the luteal phase? - (ANSWER)14 days
Explain the Luteal Phase? - (ANSWER)Begins after ovulation occurs
-Corpus luteum formed from a ruptured follicle
-Corpus luteum produces high levels of progesterone peaking at 7-8 days postovulation
-CL produced moderate levels of estrogen
-If no pregnancy occurs CL regress and progesterone and estrogen drop
- Luteal phase ends with onset of menses
Proliferative phase is influenced by what hormone? and does what to the endometrium? -
(ANSWER)Influenced by estrogen , thickens endometrium
Secretory phase is influenced by what hormone? - (ANSWER)Progesterone
cervical mucus changes in early follicular phase - (ANSWER)Early follicular phase- scant, thick, cloudy,
low elasticity
Cervical mucus changes in late follicular phase - (ANSWER)Late follicular phase- increasing amount, thin,
clear, elastic
Cervical mucus changes at ovulation - (ANSWER)Ovulation- high elastic, thin (influenced by estrogen),
stretch mucus between thumb and index finger (spinnbarkeit)
Cervical mucus changes after ovulation - (ANSWER)After ovulation- thick, low elasticity (influenced by
progesterone)
Small branching glands within each lobe containing tiny, hallow sacs called alveoli are what? -
(ANSWER)Lobules
What reproductive hormone makes joints soften and become more elastic? - (ANSWER)Relaxin &
Progesterone
What is located between the fourchette anteriorly and the anus posteriorly? - (ANSWER)Perineum
Why is the the vagina acidic? - (ANSWER)Because of lactobacilli
What supports the glandular structures of the breast and allow mobility on the chest wall? -
(ANSWER)Cooper's ligaments
What is the area around the squamocolumnar junction where squamous metaplasia? -
(ANSWER)transformation Zone
What are the normal size of ovaries? - (ANSWER)3x2x1
Ovaries are responsible for secretion of what? - (ANSWER)Estrogen and progesterone
The external os appears how for nulliparous women? - (ANSWER)Small and round
The external os appears how for women who have had vaginal births? - (ANSWER)Larger and slit-like
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is released from where? - (ANSWER)The hypothalamus
GnRH releases what from the anterior pituitary gland? - (ANSWER)FSH and LH
What steroid hormones are produced in the ovaries in response to FSH and LH? - (ANSWER)Estrogen,
progesterone and androgens
,BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
What is a negative feedback loop? - (ANSWER)When estrogen and progesterone reach levels above a set
point, the hypothalamus decreases secretion of GnRH --- which leads to decrease in secretion of FSH
and LH
When estrogen and progesterone fall below a set point, the hypothalamus increases secretion of FSH
and LH
What is a positive feedback loop? - (ANSWER)When estrogen reaches a peak just before ovulation, the
hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH & causes a surge of FSH and LH (primarily LH) and release of
mature ovum from ovary
What is the main function of estrogen? - (ANSWER)development of secondary sex characteristics,
regulation of menstrual cycle
Estradiol is the estrogen seen in? - (ANSWER)Reproductive years
Estrone is the major source of estrogen during what time? - (ANSWER)menopause
What is the main function of androgens? - (ANSWER)Long bone growth; growth of pubic and axillary hair
Activin main function? - (ANSWER)stimulates FSH secretion
What regulates contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle? - (ANSWER)Prostaglandins
Where are sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) produced at? - (ANSWER)In the liver
What factors increase SHBG? - (ANSWER)Hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, estrogen-containing oral
contraception
What factors decrease SHBG? - (ANSWER)Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia, androgens
,BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
Where is prolactin produced and what does it stimulate? - (ANSWER)Prolactin is produced in the
anterior pituitary gland and stimulates synthesis of milk proteins in mammary tissue and epithelial
growth in breast during pregnancy
When does thelarche begin? - (ANSWER)Around age 9 (breast budding)
What is adrenarche? - (ANSWER)Growth of pubic and axillary hair starts after breast development
-starts with sparse growth of long downy hair along labia and progresses to coarser curlier hair
spreading sparsely over the pubic symphsis
What is delayed onset of puberty? - (ANSWER)No breast growth by age 14 or no skeletal growth spurt
by age 15
What is precocious puberty? - (ANSWER)No breast or pubic hair development before age 7 in white
females or in age 6 in black females
Explain Menstrual/ovarian cycle ? - (ANSWER)-Timed from day 1 of one menstrual bleed to day 1 of the
next menstrual bleed (average of 28 days)
Start with follicular phase which begins day one of menses
-GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
-Follicles recruited in ovaries mature and produce estrogen
-High levels of estrogen result in a decrease in FSH and LH
-Dominant follicle with the greatest number of estrogen receptors emerges and all other follicles die
-Estrogen decreases, FSH and LH rise
-Dominant follicle begin producing high levels of estrogen
-LH surge begins with ovulation occurring 32-44 hours later
Explain ovulation? - (ANSWER)LH surge peaks 10-12 hours before ovulation
-dominant follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte
, BONENT Exam – Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing and Technology Certification
-Oocyte can be fertilized for 12-24 hours after released
How long can a oocyte be fertilized for? - (ANSWER)12-24 hours
How long is the luteal phase? - (ANSWER)14 days
Explain the Luteal Phase? - (ANSWER)Begins after ovulation occurs
-Corpus luteum formed from a ruptured follicle
-Corpus luteum produces high levels of progesterone peaking at 7-8 days postovulation
-CL produced moderate levels of estrogen
-If no pregnancy occurs CL regress and progesterone and estrogen drop
- Luteal phase ends with onset of menses
Proliferative phase is influenced by what hormone? and does what to the endometrium? -
(ANSWER)Influenced by estrogen , thickens endometrium
Secretory phase is influenced by what hormone? - (ANSWER)Progesterone
cervical mucus changes in early follicular phase - (ANSWER)Early follicular phase- scant, thick, cloudy,
low elasticity
Cervical mucus changes in late follicular phase - (ANSWER)Late follicular phase- increasing amount, thin,
clear, elastic
Cervical mucus changes at ovulation - (ANSWER)Ovulation- high elastic, thin (influenced by estrogen),
stretch mucus between thumb and index finger (spinnbarkeit)
Cervical mucus changes after ovulation - (ANSWER)After ovulation- thick, low elasticity (influenced by
progesterone)
