PSY 382 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
biopsychosocial model regarding pain perception - Answers 1) biological factors (pain
generator, precise diagnosis, age, injury/past injury, illness/diagnosis, neurologic, genetic,
hormones, obesity)
2) psychological factors (mood/affect, anxiety or stress, coping, trauma, childhood)
3) social factors (cultural factors, economic factors/financial resources, social support,
spirituality, ethnicity, education, bio/stigma
4 parts of the chronic pain cycle - Answers 1) physical pain
2) emotional pain (e.g., stress, anxiety, stigma/discrimination)
3) avoidance/isolation (e.g., avoid social support, skip appointments)
4) more physical and emotional pain that then feeds back into 1)
*You can sub in most of the factors that affect pain perception for these steps, for instance:
high stress, pessimism/neuroticism, poor coping, co-existing mental illness, stigma of illness,
discrimination experiences, interpersonal conflict, low support
4 ways parents can contribute to a child "staying in the sick role" - Answers 1) Modeling
dysfunctional reactions to having an illness for example a parent skips work because of chronic
headaches and a child learns that it's ok to skip things when you don't fell well
2) Parents getting visibly upset about the child's illness in front of the child, so that the child
says to themselves ("Omg, this must be a horrible illness" and gets panicked and catastrophizes
,3) Parents withdrawing the child from school, sports or other activities again, child learns this is
a serious thing and you have to totally shut down all stressors
4) Parents being over-caring telling a child with joint pain, "you sit there, I'll go grab that from the
other room, I don't want you to hurt yourself", not allowing the child to learn to do things
themselves even if they're in some pain
4 ways that parents of a chronically ill child is different from parents without a chronically ill
child - Answers 1) less warmth
2) less responsiveness
3) more control
4) more overprotective behaviors
most common type of pain rating scale that is used in ERs and doctors offices - Answers Basic
numerical rating scales are the most common way that pain is assessed in hospitals, EDs, and
outpatient clinics
0 = no hurt
2 = hurts little bit
4 = hurts little more
6 = hurts even more
8 = hurts whole lot
10 = hurts worst
3 drawbacks of numerical rating scales - Answers 1) doesn't account for type of pain (stabbing,
shooting) --> misdiagnosis
2) patients sometimes minimize pain, incorporation of behavioral signs of pain can help with
accuracy
3) non-accurate pain rating --> undertreatment of pain
, why is it important to have a scale that assesses the type of pain (e.g., stabbing, shooting)? -
Answers type of pain = more information about the source of pain
Because not assessing the type or quality of pain can lead to misdiagnosis. For instance, an
aching pain in a joint could be arthritis, a stabbing pain might be a mild bone break, and a
shooting or electrical pain is likely to be a nerve condition
EXAMPLES:
- shooting electrical pain --> nerve pain
- sharp pain --> cut, injury, broken arm
- stabbing pain in eye --> migraine
- throbbing pain --> regular headache
- aching pain --> arthritis
- gnawing, burning pain --> gallbladder issue
- burning pain --> reflux disease
referred pain definition - Answers when the pain you feel in one part of the your body is actually
caused by pain or injury in another part of your body
how does referred pain impact making an accurate diagnosis? - Answers can be difficult to
diagnose referred pain, requiring additional information --> where did pain start, how did injury
happen, location of original injury?
observational pain rating scale - Answers incorporates physician's assessment of various
behavioral signs of pain (crying, yelling, grimacing)
what does the observational pain rating scale MINIMIZE? - Answers can supplement a rating
scale to minimize IMPACT of patient's inaccuracy in using rating scale
what is the DOWNSIDE of using an observational pain rating scale and how is this downside
impacted by physician's limited time with patients? - Answers it takes more time to do this
and research shows that one reason that pain is under-assessed and under-treated is that
doctors and nurses don't have enough time with patients
biopsychosocial model regarding pain perception - Answers 1) biological factors (pain
generator, precise diagnosis, age, injury/past injury, illness/diagnosis, neurologic, genetic,
hormones, obesity)
2) psychological factors (mood/affect, anxiety or stress, coping, trauma, childhood)
3) social factors (cultural factors, economic factors/financial resources, social support,
spirituality, ethnicity, education, bio/stigma
4 parts of the chronic pain cycle - Answers 1) physical pain
2) emotional pain (e.g., stress, anxiety, stigma/discrimination)
3) avoidance/isolation (e.g., avoid social support, skip appointments)
4) more physical and emotional pain that then feeds back into 1)
*You can sub in most of the factors that affect pain perception for these steps, for instance:
high stress, pessimism/neuroticism, poor coping, co-existing mental illness, stigma of illness,
discrimination experiences, interpersonal conflict, low support
4 ways parents can contribute to a child "staying in the sick role" - Answers 1) Modeling
dysfunctional reactions to having an illness for example a parent skips work because of chronic
headaches and a child learns that it's ok to skip things when you don't fell well
2) Parents getting visibly upset about the child's illness in front of the child, so that the child
says to themselves ("Omg, this must be a horrible illness" and gets panicked and catastrophizes
,3) Parents withdrawing the child from school, sports or other activities again, child learns this is
a serious thing and you have to totally shut down all stressors
4) Parents being over-caring telling a child with joint pain, "you sit there, I'll go grab that from the
other room, I don't want you to hurt yourself", not allowing the child to learn to do things
themselves even if they're in some pain
4 ways that parents of a chronically ill child is different from parents without a chronically ill
child - Answers 1) less warmth
2) less responsiveness
3) more control
4) more overprotective behaviors
most common type of pain rating scale that is used in ERs and doctors offices - Answers Basic
numerical rating scales are the most common way that pain is assessed in hospitals, EDs, and
outpatient clinics
0 = no hurt
2 = hurts little bit
4 = hurts little more
6 = hurts even more
8 = hurts whole lot
10 = hurts worst
3 drawbacks of numerical rating scales - Answers 1) doesn't account for type of pain (stabbing,
shooting) --> misdiagnosis
2) patients sometimes minimize pain, incorporation of behavioral signs of pain can help with
accuracy
3) non-accurate pain rating --> undertreatment of pain
, why is it important to have a scale that assesses the type of pain (e.g., stabbing, shooting)? -
Answers type of pain = more information about the source of pain
Because not assessing the type or quality of pain can lead to misdiagnosis. For instance, an
aching pain in a joint could be arthritis, a stabbing pain might be a mild bone break, and a
shooting or electrical pain is likely to be a nerve condition
EXAMPLES:
- shooting electrical pain --> nerve pain
- sharp pain --> cut, injury, broken arm
- stabbing pain in eye --> migraine
- throbbing pain --> regular headache
- aching pain --> arthritis
- gnawing, burning pain --> gallbladder issue
- burning pain --> reflux disease
referred pain definition - Answers when the pain you feel in one part of the your body is actually
caused by pain or injury in another part of your body
how does referred pain impact making an accurate diagnosis? - Answers can be difficult to
diagnose referred pain, requiring additional information --> where did pain start, how did injury
happen, location of original injury?
observational pain rating scale - Answers incorporates physician's assessment of various
behavioral signs of pain (crying, yelling, grimacing)
what does the observational pain rating scale MINIMIZE? - Answers can supplement a rating
scale to minimize IMPACT of patient's inaccuracy in using rating scale
what is the DOWNSIDE of using an observational pain rating scale and how is this downside
impacted by physician's limited time with patients? - Answers it takes more time to do this
and research shows that one reason that pain is under-assessed and under-treated is that
doctors and nurses don't have enough time with patients
