1
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Advanced Pharmacology Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
Explain Pharmacokinetics [ ANS: ] The study of how drugs are
moved through the body and are encompassed in mechanisms
of:
Absorption
Distribution
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Metabolism
Excretion
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Think Kinetic (movement)
Pharmacodynamics [ ANS: ] study of the biochemical and
physiologic effects of drugs on the body
Think Dynamic (change)
majority of drugs either
(a) mimic or inhibit normal physiological/biochemical processes or
inhibit pathological processes in animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial
organisms
Summarize the main drug actions [ ANS: ] 1 - stimulating action
through direct receptor agonism and downstream effects
, 2
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2 - depressing action through direct receptor agonism and
downstream effects (ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing action (as with silent antagonists), the
drug binds the receptor but does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or
as a depressant
5- exchanging/replacing substances or accumulating them to
form a reserve (ex.: glycogen storage)
Desired activity is achieved through what main mechanisms? [
© 2025 Assignment Expert
ANS: ] -Cellular membrane disruption
-Chemical reaction with downstream effects
-Interaction with enzyme proteins
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-Interaction with structural proteins
-Interaction with carrier proteins
-Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2)
Neuromodulator receptors 3)Neurotransmitter receptors
Explain the therapeutic window [ ANS: ] therapeutic window is the
amount of a medication between the amount that gives an
effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse
effects than desired effects
Duration of action [ ANS: ] duration of action of a drug is the
length of time that particular drug is effective
Explain bioavailability [ ANS: ] drug's bioavailability can be defined
as the proportion of the drug that reaches its site of action
6 rights to medication administration [ ANS: ] RIGHT CLIENT
, 3
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RIGHT MEDICATION
RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
Potency [ ANS: ] potency is a measure of drug activity expressed
in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given
intensity
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(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
Efficacy [ ANS: ] Efficacy is the relationship between receptor
occupancy and the ability to initiate a response at the molecular,
Guru01 - Stuvia
cellular, tissue or system level. In other words, efficacy refers to
how well an action is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
Affinity [ ANS: ] Affinity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor
(Fast/strong binding = higher affinity)
Benzodiazepine MOA [ ANS: ] Act on GABA which is a major
inhibitory NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by interacting with
a protein complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which
has a high 'affinity' for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal
muscle relaxation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due
to an increased pre-synaptic inhibition of the CNS
Benzodiazepine uses/indications [ ANS: ] Similar actions however
different doses/concentrations/combinations produce different
actions thus have different uses
, 4
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Anxiety/panic disorders
skeletal muscle relaxation
seizures
sedation for procedures (due to relaxation and amnesic
properties)
Benzodiazepines adverse effects [ ANS: ] Most derived through
CNS actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation, blurred vision,
hypnosis, weakness, fatigue
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More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension,
paradoxical stimulation, rebound seizures
Benzo pharmacokinetics [ ANS: ] Widely distributed throughout the
body
Guru01 - Stuvia
accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
Beta blocker (BB) MOA [ ANS: ] Interrupts the nerve impulses across
the neurons by antagonizing the receptors with in the cardiac
cells resulting in blockade of the beta 1 receptors';
-B1 blockade results in reduction of heart rate (chronotropic), rate
of conduction through the AV node (dromotropic), and force of
contraction (inotropic)
This in turn decreases the oxygen demand on the myocytes,
reduction in BP from the reduced HR and inotropic actions
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Advanced Pharmacology Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
Explain Pharmacokinetics [ ANS: ] The study of how drugs are
moved through the body and are encompassed in mechanisms
of:
Absorption
Distribution
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Metabolism
Excretion
Guru01 - Stuvia
Think Kinetic (movement)
Pharmacodynamics [ ANS: ] study of the biochemical and
physiologic effects of drugs on the body
Think Dynamic (change)
majority of drugs either
(a) mimic or inhibit normal physiological/biochemical processes or
inhibit pathological processes in animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial
organisms
Summarize the main drug actions [ ANS: ] 1 - stimulating action
through direct receptor agonism and downstream effects
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
2 - depressing action through direct receptor agonism and
downstream effects (ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing action (as with silent antagonists), the
drug binds the receptor but does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or
as a depressant
5- exchanging/replacing substances or accumulating them to
form a reserve (ex.: glycogen storage)
Desired activity is achieved through what main mechanisms? [
© 2025 Assignment Expert
ANS: ] -Cellular membrane disruption
-Chemical reaction with downstream effects
-Interaction with enzyme proteins
Guru01 - Stuvia
-Interaction with structural proteins
-Interaction with carrier proteins
-Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2)
Neuromodulator receptors 3)Neurotransmitter receptors
Explain the therapeutic window [ ANS: ] therapeutic window is the
amount of a medication between the amount that gives an
effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse
effects than desired effects
Duration of action [ ANS: ] duration of action of a drug is the
length of time that particular drug is effective
Explain bioavailability [ ANS: ] drug's bioavailability can be defined
as the proportion of the drug that reaches its site of action
6 rights to medication administration [ ANS: ] RIGHT CLIENT
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
RIGHT MEDICATION
RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
Potency [ ANS: ] potency is a measure of drug activity expressed
in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given
intensity
© 2025 Assignment Expert
(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
Efficacy [ ANS: ] Efficacy is the relationship between receptor
occupancy and the ability to initiate a response at the molecular,
Guru01 - Stuvia
cellular, tissue or system level. In other words, efficacy refers to
how well an action is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
Affinity [ ANS: ] Affinity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor
(Fast/strong binding = higher affinity)
Benzodiazepine MOA [ ANS: ] Act on GABA which is a major
inhibitory NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by interacting with
a protein complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which
has a high 'affinity' for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal
muscle relaxation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due
to an increased pre-synaptic inhibition of the CNS
Benzodiazepine uses/indications [ ANS: ] Similar actions however
different doses/concentrations/combinations produce different
actions thus have different uses
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Anxiety/panic disorders
skeletal muscle relaxation
seizures
sedation for procedures (due to relaxation and amnesic
properties)
Benzodiazepines adverse effects [ ANS: ] Most derived through
CNS actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation, blurred vision,
hypnosis, weakness, fatigue
© 2025 Assignment Expert
More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension,
paradoxical stimulation, rebound seizures
Benzo pharmacokinetics [ ANS: ] Widely distributed throughout the
body
Guru01 - Stuvia
accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
Beta blocker (BB) MOA [ ANS: ] Interrupts the nerve impulses across
the neurons by antagonizing the receptors with in the cardiac
cells resulting in blockade of the beta 1 receptors';
-B1 blockade results in reduction of heart rate (chronotropic), rate
of conduction through the AV node (dromotropic), and force of
contraction (inotropic)
This in turn decreases the oxygen demand on the myocytes,
reduction in BP from the reduced HR and inotropic actions
