HNF 471 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What hormone increases intake? - answer -ghrelin
What signals are secreted based on fat stores? - answer -insulin and leptin
- more fat, more secretion
Anorexigenic hormones send what signal to the brain - answer -to stop eating
Orexigenic hormones promote what? - answer -eating
What are the three main ways to expend energy? - answer -- basal metabolic rate
(impacted by thyroid)
- thermic effect of food (how much energy it takes to digest food) (influenced by
macronutrient content/food matrix)
- physical activity (muscle mass, duration, and intensity)
What is the mnt for weight loss? - answer -- lose 3-5% excess body weight, which then
reduces tg, bg, and reduce risk of developing t2dm
- if you achieve a weight loss of 5-10%: decreased ldl (bad) cholesterol, blood pressure,
and the amount of medication that is required to treat t2dm
How do you define weight maintenance? - answer -keeping weight off for at least 1
year
What are three ways to promote weight loss? - answer -- women: 1200-1500 kcal/d
and men: 1500-1800 kcal/d
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/d
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (cho, low-fiber, or low-fat) to
create a negative energy balance
What does the portal vein do? - answer -carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive
tract to the liver
What are the two functions of bile secretion? - answer -- emulsifying agent - absorption
(formation of micelles)
Enterohepatic circulation of bile
How much of liver cholesterol metabolism does bile salt synthesis account for? -
answer -50%
, What are bile salts created from? - answer -cholesterol
What are the purposes of the gallbladder? - answer -stores, concentrates, and secretes
bile
- removal of water and electrolytes (increase concentration)
- storage
- control of delivery of bile salts to duodenum
What is the purpose of bile? - answer -- helps with the absorption of fatty acids,
cholesterol, other lipids
- forms micelles that are soluble in chime
- without bile, you can form steatorrhea
What is cholestasis? - answer -retention of bile in the gall bladder and/or liver
Causes:
- primarily biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, gall stone(s) (cholelithiasis), injury to
ducts due to pruritis; not enough bile to absorb fat=> steatorrhea and fat-soluble vitamin
deficiency; blockage of ducts form stones => liver damage and/or pancreatitis
What is the treatment for acute cases of cholestasis? - answer -npo, then progressed
to a low-fat diet
Fat intake: 25-35% of daily calorie intake
What is the treatment for chronic/long-term cholestasis? - answer -calcium and vitamin
d supplement, consider mct and vitamin supplementation (especially water-soluble
versions of a, d, e, k)
- bile acid binders or sequestrants (can cause bloating and constipation)
What do mcts help with? What do they not contain? - answer -- fat malabsorption
- do not contain essential fatty acids
- they do not need bile or pancreatic enzymes for absorption
What is asterixis? - answer -a tremor that is associated with ammonia buildup
What is portal hypertension? - answer -htn in portal venous system; results in poor
circulation of blood through the liver; often managed via trans jugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunts: tips
What is hepatomegaly? - answer -enlarged liver
What is jaundice? - answer -yellowing of eyes and skin due to hyperbilirubinemia
What are ascites? - answer -retention of fluid, lytes, serum proteins in abdomen
What hormone increases intake? - answer -ghrelin
What signals are secreted based on fat stores? - answer -insulin and leptin
- more fat, more secretion
Anorexigenic hormones send what signal to the brain - answer -to stop eating
Orexigenic hormones promote what? - answer -eating
What are the three main ways to expend energy? - answer -- basal metabolic rate
(impacted by thyroid)
- thermic effect of food (how much energy it takes to digest food) (influenced by
macronutrient content/food matrix)
- physical activity (muscle mass, duration, and intensity)
What is the mnt for weight loss? - answer -- lose 3-5% excess body weight, which then
reduces tg, bg, and reduce risk of developing t2dm
- if you achieve a weight loss of 5-10%: decreased ldl (bad) cholesterol, blood pressure,
and the amount of medication that is required to treat t2dm
How do you define weight maintenance? - answer -keeping weight off for at least 1
year
What are three ways to promote weight loss? - answer -- women: 1200-1500 kcal/d
and men: 1500-1800 kcal/d
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/d
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (cho, low-fiber, or low-fat) to
create a negative energy balance
What does the portal vein do? - answer -carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive
tract to the liver
What are the two functions of bile secretion? - answer -- emulsifying agent - absorption
(formation of micelles)
Enterohepatic circulation of bile
How much of liver cholesterol metabolism does bile salt synthesis account for? -
answer -50%
, What are bile salts created from? - answer -cholesterol
What are the purposes of the gallbladder? - answer -stores, concentrates, and secretes
bile
- removal of water and electrolytes (increase concentration)
- storage
- control of delivery of bile salts to duodenum
What is the purpose of bile? - answer -- helps with the absorption of fatty acids,
cholesterol, other lipids
- forms micelles that are soluble in chime
- without bile, you can form steatorrhea
What is cholestasis? - answer -retention of bile in the gall bladder and/or liver
Causes:
- primarily biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, gall stone(s) (cholelithiasis), injury to
ducts due to pruritis; not enough bile to absorb fat=> steatorrhea and fat-soluble vitamin
deficiency; blockage of ducts form stones => liver damage and/or pancreatitis
What is the treatment for acute cases of cholestasis? - answer -npo, then progressed
to a low-fat diet
Fat intake: 25-35% of daily calorie intake
What is the treatment for chronic/long-term cholestasis? - answer -calcium and vitamin
d supplement, consider mct and vitamin supplementation (especially water-soluble
versions of a, d, e, k)
- bile acid binders or sequestrants (can cause bloating and constipation)
What do mcts help with? What do they not contain? - answer -- fat malabsorption
- do not contain essential fatty acids
- they do not need bile or pancreatic enzymes for absorption
What is asterixis? - answer -a tremor that is associated with ammonia buildup
What is portal hypertension? - answer -htn in portal venous system; results in poor
circulation of blood through the liver; often managed via trans jugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunts: tips
What is hepatomegaly? - answer -enlarged liver
What is jaundice? - answer -yellowing of eyes and skin due to hyperbilirubinemia
What are ascites? - answer -retention of fluid, lytes, serum proteins in abdomen
