UF HUN 2201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
examples of carbohydrates - Answer -grains, legumes, lentils, fruits, veggies, and milk
what is a carbohydrate - Answer -a hydrate of carbon = C+H+O in long chains
essential organic nutrient
what happens in photosynthesis - Answer -glucose is synthesized and then converted
to starch (the storage form of energy)
what are the 3 monosaccharides - Answer -glucose, fructose, and galactose
(same formula = C6H12O6)
glucose - Answer -essential energy source
found in fruits, veggies, and honey (nearly all plants)
"blood sugar" or "dextrose"
fructose - Answer -found in fruit, honey, and corn syrup (most plants)
sweetest sugar
"fruit sugar" or "levulose"
galactose - Answer -makes up lactose
not found freely in foods
what are the 3 disaccharides - Answer -sucrose, lactose, and maltose
(all contain glucose)
sucrose - Answer -glucose + fructose
made from sugar cane/beets
found in many fruits and some veggies/grains
"table sugar"
lactose - Answer -glucose + galactose
found in milk and other dairy products
"milk sugar"
maltose - Answer -glucose + glucose
several maltoses combined = starch
found in seeds
what is a condensation reaction - Answer -anabolic reaction (building)
joins two compounds
releases water
,what is hydrolysis - Answer -separates compounds (catabolic)
requires the addition of water
what is starch - Answer -a polysaccharide (glucose linked side by side)
storage form of glucose in plants
found in grains, tubers, and legumes
can be metabolized by humans
amylopectin - Answer -complex starch
amylose - Answer -simple starch
what are the 3 polysaccharides - Answer -starch, glycogen, and fiber
how much energy does starch provide - Answer -4 kcals/g
provides short, quick term energy
minimum requirement - Answer -based on what the brain needs to function
daily value - Answer -based on what the body needs for daily function
what is glycogen - Answer -storage form of glucose in humans
glucose molecules linked together in branched chains
found in muscle tissue and the liver
made up of many glucose molecules
fiber - Answer -found in plants (structural support)
does not provide nutrients or energy
"nonstarch polysaccharides"
cannot be broken down by human enzymes
dietary recommendations regarding excess sugar - Answer -DRI = < 25% of kcal intake
WHO = < 10% of kcal intake
soluble or viscous dietary fiber - Answer -ex: pectins, gums, mucilages, beta-glucans
dissolve in fluid
found in whole grains, fruits, veggies, legumes, seeds, husks, and food additives
digested by intestinal bacteria
insoluble dietary fiber - Answer -ex: cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins
used for structure in plants
found in brown rice, wheat bran, whole grains, fruits, veggies, legumes, and seeds
may include "resistant starches"
not digested by intestinal bacteria
what do cellular (soluble) fibers do? - Answer -dissolve in the GI tract
, can absorb some nutrients and excrete them
lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels
why are insoluble fibers good for the gut? - Answer -do not dissolve
help with cellular turnover
help the gut to function well
alleviate constipation
prevent diverticulosis
functional fibers - Answer -extracted or manufactured to be added to foods or used as
supplements
total fiber - Answer -counts both dietary and functional fibers
what are good carbohydrate choices? - Answer -whole grains (brown rice), legumes
(beans/lentils), veggies (broccoli), and fruits (apples)
beriberi - Answer -disease in Asian populations
caused by eating only white rick
results in a lack of thiamine
RDA for total carbs - Answer -130 grams/day
AMDR value for carbs - Answer -45-65% of energy intake (kcals)
should come mostly from starch
daily value (DV) for carbs - Answer -300 grams/day
how to eat healthier carbs - Answer -reduce added sugar
eat more fresh, whole foods
avoid fruits in heavy syrup
keep 1/2 of the grains whole
eat ~ 28 g of fiber (DRI)
eat legumes/lentils for protein
whole grains - Answer -contains the whole grain kernel
ex: corn, popcorn, brown rice
fortification - Answer -mandated
enrichment - Answer -not mandated
un-sugars - Answer -non-sugar sweeteners
indigestible = hard on your gut
used because they have fewer calories
ex: aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame
examples of carbohydrates - Answer -grains, legumes, lentils, fruits, veggies, and milk
what is a carbohydrate - Answer -a hydrate of carbon = C+H+O in long chains
essential organic nutrient
what happens in photosynthesis - Answer -glucose is synthesized and then converted
to starch (the storage form of energy)
what are the 3 monosaccharides - Answer -glucose, fructose, and galactose
(same formula = C6H12O6)
glucose - Answer -essential energy source
found in fruits, veggies, and honey (nearly all plants)
"blood sugar" or "dextrose"
fructose - Answer -found in fruit, honey, and corn syrup (most plants)
sweetest sugar
"fruit sugar" or "levulose"
galactose - Answer -makes up lactose
not found freely in foods
what are the 3 disaccharides - Answer -sucrose, lactose, and maltose
(all contain glucose)
sucrose - Answer -glucose + fructose
made from sugar cane/beets
found in many fruits and some veggies/grains
"table sugar"
lactose - Answer -glucose + galactose
found in milk and other dairy products
"milk sugar"
maltose - Answer -glucose + glucose
several maltoses combined = starch
found in seeds
what is a condensation reaction - Answer -anabolic reaction (building)
joins two compounds
releases water
,what is hydrolysis - Answer -separates compounds (catabolic)
requires the addition of water
what is starch - Answer -a polysaccharide (glucose linked side by side)
storage form of glucose in plants
found in grains, tubers, and legumes
can be metabolized by humans
amylopectin - Answer -complex starch
amylose - Answer -simple starch
what are the 3 polysaccharides - Answer -starch, glycogen, and fiber
how much energy does starch provide - Answer -4 kcals/g
provides short, quick term energy
minimum requirement - Answer -based on what the brain needs to function
daily value - Answer -based on what the body needs for daily function
what is glycogen - Answer -storage form of glucose in humans
glucose molecules linked together in branched chains
found in muscle tissue and the liver
made up of many glucose molecules
fiber - Answer -found in plants (structural support)
does not provide nutrients or energy
"nonstarch polysaccharides"
cannot be broken down by human enzymes
dietary recommendations regarding excess sugar - Answer -DRI = < 25% of kcal intake
WHO = < 10% of kcal intake
soluble or viscous dietary fiber - Answer -ex: pectins, gums, mucilages, beta-glucans
dissolve in fluid
found in whole grains, fruits, veggies, legumes, seeds, husks, and food additives
digested by intestinal bacteria
insoluble dietary fiber - Answer -ex: cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins
used for structure in plants
found in brown rice, wheat bran, whole grains, fruits, veggies, legumes, and seeds
may include "resistant starches"
not digested by intestinal bacteria
what do cellular (soluble) fibers do? - Answer -dissolve in the GI tract
, can absorb some nutrients and excrete them
lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels
why are insoluble fibers good for the gut? - Answer -do not dissolve
help with cellular turnover
help the gut to function well
alleviate constipation
prevent diverticulosis
functional fibers - Answer -extracted or manufactured to be added to foods or used as
supplements
total fiber - Answer -counts both dietary and functional fibers
what are good carbohydrate choices? - Answer -whole grains (brown rice), legumes
(beans/lentils), veggies (broccoli), and fruits (apples)
beriberi - Answer -disease in Asian populations
caused by eating only white rick
results in a lack of thiamine
RDA for total carbs - Answer -130 grams/day
AMDR value for carbs - Answer -45-65% of energy intake (kcals)
should come mostly from starch
daily value (DV) for carbs - Answer -300 grams/day
how to eat healthier carbs - Answer -reduce added sugar
eat more fresh, whole foods
avoid fruits in heavy syrup
keep 1/2 of the grains whole
eat ~ 28 g of fiber (DRI)
eat legumes/lentils for protein
whole grains - Answer -contains the whole grain kernel
ex: corn, popcorn, brown rice
fortification - Answer -mandated
enrichment - Answer -not mandated
un-sugars - Answer -non-sugar sweeteners
indigestible = hard on your gut
used because they have fewer calories
ex: aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame
