BPK 241 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
List the type/# vertebrae of the body - ANS 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused),
coccyx
how many vertebrae are fused? - ANS 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
What are the curves in the spine? - ANS 2 lordodic curves (Cervical and lumbar spine), 2
hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
list the features of the spine - ANS body, spinous process, lateral process (articulates with
ribs, facet joints)
neural arch - ANS opening in the middle of the spine (where your spinal cord travels through)
what is everything on the back of your spine called? - ANS posterior element, vertebral body
What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine? - ANS synovial (fluid)
Where do the IV discs lie? - ANS between vertebral bodies
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,function of vertebral discs? - ANS stability, cushioning, shock absorbers
features of fibrocartilage - ANS tough, strong
what is fibrocartilage called? - ANS annulus fibrosus
what is the gel of the spine? - ANS nucleus pulposus
Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? - ANS between discs and vertebral
bodies
Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? - ANS facet joints (4 per vertebrae)
List the ligaments of the spine - ANS anterior and posterior longitudinal, ligamenta flava,
intertransverse, interspinous and supraspinous
Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? - ANS anterior and posterior
longitudinal
Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend forward - ANS ligamenta
flava (more elastic)
Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? - ANS intertransverse
Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes - ANS Interspinous & supraspinous
ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
What is the muscle of the spine? - ANS erector spinae
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, Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical, thoracic, lumbar
rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical and thoracic
nerves of spine called - ANS dermatomes
deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? - ANS Transversospinalis muscle
group
What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce? - ANS lateral flexion, turn
head and neck opposite side, extension (fibres run superiorly and medially)
Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the spine occurs how? -
ANS contralaterally - if contract on right, will turn left
What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us? - ANS Allow us to sit
for long periods of time, engaged during not very demanding work
Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group - ANS can cause low back pain to be
reccurent
where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area) -
ANS Intervertebral foramen
__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case - ANS 8
Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) - ANS L4/L5
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DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
List the type/# vertebrae of the body - ANS 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused),
coccyx
how many vertebrae are fused? - ANS 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
What are the curves in the spine? - ANS 2 lordodic curves (Cervical and lumbar spine), 2
hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
list the features of the spine - ANS body, spinous process, lateral process (articulates with
ribs, facet joints)
neural arch - ANS opening in the middle of the spine (where your spinal cord travels through)
what is everything on the back of your spine called? - ANS posterior element, vertebral body
What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine? - ANS synovial (fluid)
Where do the IV discs lie? - ANS between vertebral bodies
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,function of vertebral discs? - ANS stability, cushioning, shock absorbers
features of fibrocartilage - ANS tough, strong
what is fibrocartilage called? - ANS annulus fibrosus
what is the gel of the spine? - ANS nucleus pulposus
Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? - ANS between discs and vertebral
bodies
Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? - ANS facet joints (4 per vertebrae)
List the ligaments of the spine - ANS anterior and posterior longitudinal, ligamenta flava,
intertransverse, interspinous and supraspinous
Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? - ANS anterior and posterior
longitudinal
Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend forward - ANS ligamenta
flava (more elastic)
Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? - ANS intertransverse
Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes - ANS Interspinous & supraspinous
ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
What is the muscle of the spine? - ANS erector spinae
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical, thoracic, lumbar
rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? - ANS cervical and thoracic
nerves of spine called - ANS dermatomes
deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? - ANS Transversospinalis muscle
group
What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce? - ANS lateral flexion, turn
head and neck opposite side, extension (fibres run superiorly and medially)
Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the spine occurs how? -
ANS contralaterally - if contract on right, will turn left
What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us? - ANS Allow us to sit
for long periods of time, engaged during not very demanding work
Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group - ANS can cause low back pain to be
reccurent
where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area) -
ANS Intervertebral foramen
__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case - ANS 8
Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) - ANS L4/L5
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
