HUN 2201 EXAM #3 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Match the hormone/peptide with its respective hunger signal (increases hunger/appetite
or decreases hunger/appetite)
I. Ghrelin
Ii. Cck
Iii. Cortisol
Iv. Leptin
V. Serotonin - answer -i. Ghrelin (increases hunger/appetite)
Ii. Cck (decreases hunger/appetite)
Iii. Cortisol (increases hunger/appetite)
Iv. Leptin (decreases hunger/appetite)
V. Serotonin (decreases hunger/appetite)
Determine whether the following factors increases or decreases basal metabolic rate
I. Thyroid hormone
Ii. Very low calorie diet (< 800 kcal/d)
Iii. Aging - answer -i. Thyroid hormone (increases basal metabolic rate)
Ii. Very low calorie diet of < 800 kcal/d (decreases basal metabolic rate)
Iii. Aging (decreases basal metabolic rate)
True or false. Eicosanoids are hormone-like substances that are synthesized from
dha/epa which can be obtained from seafood, nuts, and plant oils. Eicosanoids play a
significant role in inflammation and blood clotting. - answer -true
Blake weighs 235 lbs (106.8kg). He stands at 5'9'' (1.75m). Calculate his bmi and
interpret.
A. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade iii
B. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade i
C. 34.8 kg/m2 ; overweight
C. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese - answer -c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese.
Bmi = weight (kg) / (height (m)^2). = 106.8 / (1.75)^2 = 34.8
Obesity grade 1: bmi is between 30.0 - 34.9
What is the structure of a protein? - answer -a sequence/long chains of amino acids
What is the structure of an amino acid? - answer -amine group (n-terminus), carboxyl
group (right side), side chain (r-group)
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - answer -the r group
__________ amino acids are ones that our body cannot be produced and thus must be
supplied through consumption ; whereas _________ amino acids are produced by our
body - answer -essential ; nonessential
,What are some examples of essential amino acids. - answer -lysin, tryptophan,
phenylalanine, and valine
What are some examples of nonessential amino acids. - answer -alanine, glutamate,
glycine, cysteine and aspartic acid
What are the regulatory functions of proteins - answer -- enzymes
- hormones
- receptors (insulin, lipoprotein leptin receptors, etc)
- transporters (albumin, hemoglobin, sglt1, glut2, etc)
- defense (antibodies, fibrin, etc)
- buffers
What is gluconeogenesis - answer -the production of new glucose molecules when you
have consumed any for an extended period of time (e.g sleeping)
What is the process of gluconeogenesis? - answer -the process begins by breaking
down body protein starting with skeletal muscles. Amino acids are broken down and
transported in the blood. In the liver, deamination occurs. The carbon skeleton from the
amino acid (since the nitrogen was separated) is used to make glucose. The nitrogen is
then removed through the kidneys and urine.
True or false. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. - answer -true
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - answer -a reaction in which a bond is broken by the
addition of a water molecule
What is dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction? - answer -a reaction in which a
bond is formed between two molecules, or compounds, following the removal of water.
What are the top 8 food allergies? - answer -milk, fish, tree nuts, shellfish, peanuts,
wheat, eggs, and soybeans
What is the process of how allergies affect the body? - answer -once the protein of the
allergen (mast cells) enters the body, it binds to antibodies. The mast cell then releases
histamines (which results in anaphylaxes, rashes, diarrhea, etc.)
What does protein malnutrition result in? - answer -this results in lack of hemoglobin in
red blood cells and causes anemia. It also results in higher risk of infection, fatigue,
weight loss and other deficiencies
What is kwashiorkor disease? - answer -this is a disease caused by protein deficiency
but adequate calories. This results in low albumin levels (protein in blood that regulates
fluid balance), thus resulting in excess fluid in the abdominal cavity. Overall symptoms
, include grossly edematous abdomen, liver enlargement, lethargy, failure to grow, and
skin infection
What is marasmus disease? - answer -this is a disease caused by protein and caloric
deficiency. Essentially, it is starvation (cachexia: severe wasting) that results in no
muscles or fat.
________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels but adequate calories while
_________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels and inadequate calories -
answer -kwashiorkor ; marasmus
What are inborn errors of metabolism and give examples - answer -genetic conditions
in which an individual lacks an enzyme, transporter protein, or protein receptors that
control a specific metabolic pathway.
- some examples are hartnup disease, phenylketonuria (pku), and maple syrup urine
disease
What is hartnup disease? - answer -an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a
deficiency in tryptophan absorption due to lack of amino acid transport. Symptoms are
very similar to niacin deficiency presenting as the four ds: dementia, dermatitis,
diarrhea, and death.
What is the process of protein digestion and absorption? - answer -the process starts in
the mouth with mechanical digestion. Then the stomach continues the process by
secreting pepsinogen which is activated by hcl. Then the active enzyme helps break the
protein into small polypeptides. Then the pancreas secretes trypsinogen and other
inactive proteases which get activated in the lumen of the small intestine. The
polypeptides get further broken into amino acids, which are absorbed into the
bloodstream.
What is the process of protein synthesis - answer -mrna is transcripted from dna in the
nucleus. Mrna is translated with amino acids to synthesize proteins.
What are the three types of protein functions? - answer -structural, regulatory, and
energy
What are the structural functions of proteins? - answer -- collagen supports and
strengthens skin, cartilage, bones, and connective tissues
- keratin forms the tissues of hair, nails, and skin
- cell components (ion channels such as na+/k- pump)
- actin/myosin generates movements in muscles
What is pku (phenylketonuria)? - answer -an inborn error of metabolism that is
characterized by a lack of the enzyme "phenylalanine hydroxylase" which causes a
buildup of phenylalanine. This leads to toxic phenyl ketones in your cells.
Match the hormone/peptide with its respective hunger signal (increases hunger/appetite
or decreases hunger/appetite)
I. Ghrelin
Ii. Cck
Iii. Cortisol
Iv. Leptin
V. Serotonin - answer -i. Ghrelin (increases hunger/appetite)
Ii. Cck (decreases hunger/appetite)
Iii. Cortisol (increases hunger/appetite)
Iv. Leptin (decreases hunger/appetite)
V. Serotonin (decreases hunger/appetite)
Determine whether the following factors increases or decreases basal metabolic rate
I. Thyroid hormone
Ii. Very low calorie diet (< 800 kcal/d)
Iii. Aging - answer -i. Thyroid hormone (increases basal metabolic rate)
Ii. Very low calorie diet of < 800 kcal/d (decreases basal metabolic rate)
Iii. Aging (decreases basal metabolic rate)
True or false. Eicosanoids are hormone-like substances that are synthesized from
dha/epa which can be obtained from seafood, nuts, and plant oils. Eicosanoids play a
significant role in inflammation and blood clotting. - answer -true
Blake weighs 235 lbs (106.8kg). He stands at 5'9'' (1.75m). Calculate his bmi and
interpret.
A. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade iii
B. 61.0 kg/m2 ; obesity grade i
C. 34.8 kg/m2 ; overweight
C. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese - answer -c. 34.8 kg/m2 ; obese.
Bmi = weight (kg) / (height (m)^2). = 106.8 / (1.75)^2 = 34.8
Obesity grade 1: bmi is between 30.0 - 34.9
What is the structure of a protein? - answer -a sequence/long chains of amino acids
What is the structure of an amino acid? - answer -amine group (n-terminus), carboxyl
group (right side), side chain (r-group)
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - answer -the r group
__________ amino acids are ones that our body cannot be produced and thus must be
supplied through consumption ; whereas _________ amino acids are produced by our
body - answer -essential ; nonessential
,What are some examples of essential amino acids. - answer -lysin, tryptophan,
phenylalanine, and valine
What are some examples of nonessential amino acids. - answer -alanine, glutamate,
glycine, cysteine and aspartic acid
What are the regulatory functions of proteins - answer -- enzymes
- hormones
- receptors (insulin, lipoprotein leptin receptors, etc)
- transporters (albumin, hemoglobin, sglt1, glut2, etc)
- defense (antibodies, fibrin, etc)
- buffers
What is gluconeogenesis - answer -the production of new glucose molecules when you
have consumed any for an extended period of time (e.g sleeping)
What is the process of gluconeogenesis? - answer -the process begins by breaking
down body protein starting with skeletal muscles. Amino acids are broken down and
transported in the blood. In the liver, deamination occurs. The carbon skeleton from the
amino acid (since the nitrogen was separated) is used to make glucose. The nitrogen is
then removed through the kidneys and urine.
True or false. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. - answer -true
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - answer -a reaction in which a bond is broken by the
addition of a water molecule
What is dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction? - answer -a reaction in which a
bond is formed between two molecules, or compounds, following the removal of water.
What are the top 8 food allergies? - answer -milk, fish, tree nuts, shellfish, peanuts,
wheat, eggs, and soybeans
What is the process of how allergies affect the body? - answer -once the protein of the
allergen (mast cells) enters the body, it binds to antibodies. The mast cell then releases
histamines (which results in anaphylaxes, rashes, diarrhea, etc.)
What does protein malnutrition result in? - answer -this results in lack of hemoglobin in
red blood cells and causes anemia. It also results in higher risk of infection, fatigue,
weight loss and other deficiencies
What is kwashiorkor disease? - answer -this is a disease caused by protein deficiency
but adequate calories. This results in low albumin levels (protein in blood that regulates
fluid balance), thus resulting in excess fluid in the abdominal cavity. Overall symptoms
, include grossly edematous abdomen, liver enlargement, lethargy, failure to grow, and
skin infection
What is marasmus disease? - answer -this is a disease caused by protein and caloric
deficiency. Essentially, it is starvation (cachexia: severe wasting) that results in no
muscles or fat.
________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels but adequate calories while
_________ is characterized by inadequate protein levels and inadequate calories -
answer -kwashiorkor ; marasmus
What are inborn errors of metabolism and give examples - answer -genetic conditions
in which an individual lacks an enzyme, transporter protein, or protein receptors that
control a specific metabolic pathway.
- some examples are hartnup disease, phenylketonuria (pku), and maple syrup urine
disease
What is hartnup disease? - answer -an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a
deficiency in tryptophan absorption due to lack of amino acid transport. Symptoms are
very similar to niacin deficiency presenting as the four ds: dementia, dermatitis,
diarrhea, and death.
What is the process of protein digestion and absorption? - answer -the process starts in
the mouth with mechanical digestion. Then the stomach continues the process by
secreting pepsinogen which is activated by hcl. Then the active enzyme helps break the
protein into small polypeptides. Then the pancreas secretes trypsinogen and other
inactive proteases which get activated in the lumen of the small intestine. The
polypeptides get further broken into amino acids, which are absorbed into the
bloodstream.
What is the process of protein synthesis - answer -mrna is transcripted from dna in the
nucleus. Mrna is translated with amino acids to synthesize proteins.
What are the three types of protein functions? - answer -structural, regulatory, and
energy
What are the structural functions of proteins? - answer -- collagen supports and
strengthens skin, cartilage, bones, and connective tissues
- keratin forms the tissues of hair, nails, and skin
- cell components (ion channels such as na+/k- pump)
- actin/myosin generates movements in muscles
What is pku (phenylketonuria)? - answer -an inborn error of metabolism that is
characterized by a lack of the enzyme "phenylalanine hydroxylase" which causes a
buildup of phenylalanine. This leads to toxic phenyl ketones in your cells.
