NR 283: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
UTI or Acute Cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER -- cloudy urine
- caused by E. coli
Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER -is caused by:
- gallstones (bile duct disorder)
- alcohol
Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER -- a term used for osteomalacia in CHILDREN
- usually due to inadequate or lack of Vitamin D
Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER -- pain in the lower right quadrant (LRQ)
Peptic Ulcer (Gastric) - CORRECT ANSWER -- occult blood in stool
- coffee-ground vomitus (coffee grains in the vomit)
Sprain - CORRECT ANSWER -- a torn ligament
Azotemia - CORRECT ANSWER -- nitrogen in the blood caused by kidney damage
- excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood, as in renal failure
Dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER -- distortion of joint, usually evident
- bone separated from/deformed at joint
,What group is at high-risk for Gout? - CORRECT ANSWER -- males between 40-50 years of age
What group is at high-risk for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -- postmenopausal women
due to low estrogen levels
Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur in many forms
such as acute and chronic
- inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa
- Increases risk of cancer
Acute Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- gastric mucosa is inflamed
- may be ulcerated and bleeding
- is usually self-limiting
- may result from infection by microorganisms, allergies to foods, spicy or irritating foods,
excessive alcohol intake, ingestion of aspirin or other NSAIDs, ingestion of corrosive or toxic
substances, radiation or chemotherapy
- signs and symtpoms include:
• anorexia, nausea, vomiting may develop
• hematemesis caused by bleeding
• epigastric pain, cramps or general discomfort
• with infection, diarrhea may develop
Chronic Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- characterized by atrophy of stomach mucosa
, • loss of secretory glands
• reduced production of intrinsic factor
- Helicobacter pylori infection is often present
- signs may be vague
• mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerance for certain foods
- increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma
- certain autoimmune disorders are associated with one type of chronic gastric atrophy
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER -- stones in the kidney
or bladder are frequently asymptomatic
- flank pain (back pain or area below the ribs) due to distention of the renal capsule
- renal colic caused by obstruction of the ureter
• intense spasms of pain in flank area
• radiating into groin area
• lasts until stone passes or is removed
• possible nausea and vomiting, cool moist skin, rapid pulse
• radiological examination confirms location of calculi
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
UTI or Acute Cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER -- cloudy urine
- caused by E. coli
Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER -is caused by:
- gallstones (bile duct disorder)
- alcohol
Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER -- a term used for osteomalacia in CHILDREN
- usually due to inadequate or lack of Vitamin D
Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER -- pain in the lower right quadrant (LRQ)
Peptic Ulcer (Gastric) - CORRECT ANSWER -- occult blood in stool
- coffee-ground vomitus (coffee grains in the vomit)
Sprain - CORRECT ANSWER -- a torn ligament
Azotemia - CORRECT ANSWER -- nitrogen in the blood caused by kidney damage
- excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood, as in renal failure
Dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER -- distortion of joint, usually evident
- bone separated from/deformed at joint
,What group is at high-risk for Gout? - CORRECT ANSWER -- males between 40-50 years of age
What group is at high-risk for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -- postmenopausal women
due to low estrogen levels
Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur in many forms
such as acute and chronic
- inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa
- Increases risk of cancer
Acute Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- gastric mucosa is inflamed
- may be ulcerated and bleeding
- is usually self-limiting
- may result from infection by microorganisms, allergies to foods, spicy or irritating foods,
excessive alcohol intake, ingestion of aspirin or other NSAIDs, ingestion of corrosive or toxic
substances, radiation or chemotherapy
- signs and symtpoms include:
• anorexia, nausea, vomiting may develop
• hematemesis caused by bleeding
• epigastric pain, cramps or general discomfort
• with infection, diarrhea may develop
Chronic Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER -- characterized by atrophy of stomach mucosa
, • loss of secretory glands
• reduced production of intrinsic factor
- Helicobacter pylori infection is often present
- signs may be vague
• mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerance for certain foods
- increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma
- certain autoimmune disorders are associated with one type of chronic gastric atrophy
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER -- stones in the kidney
or bladder are frequently asymptomatic
- flank pain (back pain or area below the ribs) due to distention of the renal capsule
- renal colic caused by obstruction of the ureter
• intense spasms of pain in flank area
• radiating into groin area
• lasts until stone passes or is removed
• possible nausea and vomiting, cool moist skin, rapid pulse
• radiological examination confirms location of calculi
