BYU CELL 220 Exam 2 – Muscular, Skeletal & Nervous Systems Study Guide
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - (ANSWER)Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What are the properties of muscle tissue? - (ANSWER)Excitability, Contractility, Elasticity, and
Extensability
Where is cardiac muscle found? - (ANSWER)The Myocardium of the Heart
What are the Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? - (ANSWER)Branches Fibers, 1 or 2 nuclei, Intercalated
discs, Striations, auto-rhythmic, Involuntary
Where is smooth muscle found? - (ANSWER)Walls of visceral organs
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? - (ANSWER)Fusiform shape, 1 nucleus, no striations,
involuntary, fatigue-resistant
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? - (ANSWER)Large, Cylindrical, many nuclei, striated,
voluntary, vascular, innervated at neuromuscular junctions, formed from fusion of myoblasts
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? - (ANSWER)Movement, posture maintenance, temperature
regulation, storage of materials (amino acids and glycogen), movement of materials, support abdominal
organs, joint stabilization
The endomysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Muscle fibers
The perimysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Fascicles
The epimysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Entire muscles
Deep fascia wraps... - (ANSWER)Muscle groups
,BYU CELL 220 Exam 2 – Muscular, Skeletal & Nervous Systems Study Guide
What is the order of skeletal muscle organization from smallest to largest? - (ANSWER)Myosin/Actin
proteins, thick/thin filaments, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle, muscle group
Collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are __________ with tendons -
(ANSWER)Continuous
What wraps a muscle fiber? - (ANSWER)The Sarcolemma
Tendons connect muscles to... - (ANSWER)Bones or skin
An aponeurosis is a... - (ANSWER)Flat tendon
Testosterone makes muscle fibers... - (ANSWER)Wider and thicker
Where is skeletal muscle found? - (ANSWER)Connected to the skeleton
What does actin do? - (ANSWER)Contracts muscle (acts)
What does myosin do? - (ANSWER)Binds to ATP
How do z lines move? - (ANSWER)Closer together. In toward M line.
What do troponin and tropomyosin do to aid muscle movement? - (ANSWER)Make a complex allowing
actin to slide
Actin is a _____ filament - (ANSWER)Thin
Myosin is the _________ filament - (ANSWER)Thick
M lines are - (ANSWER)Anchors, immobile
, BYU CELL 220 Exam 2 – Muscular, Skeletal & Nervous Systems Study Guide
Action potential occurs at the... - (ANSWER)Neuromuscular junction
The Terminal Cisternae... - (ANSWER)Hold nutrients (mostly calcium)
What is the process of muscle contraction? - (ANSWER)1. An action potential arrives at the
neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh is released, binds to receptors, and opens sodium ion channels. 3.
Action potential travels along the t-tubules. 4. Calcium reacts with the troponin/tropomyosin complex,
affecting actin first. 5. Actin twists, Myosin slides. 6. The muscle shortens and produces tension.
What is the process of muscle relaxation? - (ANSWER)1. Calcium is reabsorbed (ATP is required),
triggered by a lack of excitability. 2. Interaction between thick and thin filaments relax. 3. Muscles
lengthen and relax.
What is a parallel fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle (Ex:
Rectus abdominis)
What is a circular fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)Fibers form concentric rings (Ex: Orbicularis oculi)
What is a convergent fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)The origin of the muscle is broad, and the
fascicles converge toward the insertion (Ex: Pectoralis major)
What does pennate mean? - (ANSWER)Means feathered. The fascicles are obliquely attached to the
tendon. There are three types.
What is a bipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)There are two angles of pennation, usually towards a
center point (Ex: Rectus Femoris)
What is a unipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)There is only one angle of pennation (Ex: Extensor
digitorum)
What is a multipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)A muscle with multiple angles of pennation. (Ex:
Deltoid)
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - (ANSWER)Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What are the properties of muscle tissue? - (ANSWER)Excitability, Contractility, Elasticity, and
Extensability
Where is cardiac muscle found? - (ANSWER)The Myocardium of the Heart
What are the Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? - (ANSWER)Branches Fibers, 1 or 2 nuclei, Intercalated
discs, Striations, auto-rhythmic, Involuntary
Where is smooth muscle found? - (ANSWER)Walls of visceral organs
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? - (ANSWER)Fusiform shape, 1 nucleus, no striations,
involuntary, fatigue-resistant
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? - (ANSWER)Large, Cylindrical, many nuclei, striated,
voluntary, vascular, innervated at neuromuscular junctions, formed from fusion of myoblasts
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? - (ANSWER)Movement, posture maintenance, temperature
regulation, storage of materials (amino acids and glycogen), movement of materials, support abdominal
organs, joint stabilization
The endomysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Muscle fibers
The perimysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Fascicles
The epimysium wraps... - (ANSWER)Entire muscles
Deep fascia wraps... - (ANSWER)Muscle groups
,BYU CELL 220 Exam 2 – Muscular, Skeletal & Nervous Systems Study Guide
What is the order of skeletal muscle organization from smallest to largest? - (ANSWER)Myosin/Actin
proteins, thick/thin filaments, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle, muscle group
Collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are __________ with tendons -
(ANSWER)Continuous
What wraps a muscle fiber? - (ANSWER)The Sarcolemma
Tendons connect muscles to... - (ANSWER)Bones or skin
An aponeurosis is a... - (ANSWER)Flat tendon
Testosterone makes muscle fibers... - (ANSWER)Wider and thicker
Where is skeletal muscle found? - (ANSWER)Connected to the skeleton
What does actin do? - (ANSWER)Contracts muscle (acts)
What does myosin do? - (ANSWER)Binds to ATP
How do z lines move? - (ANSWER)Closer together. In toward M line.
What do troponin and tropomyosin do to aid muscle movement? - (ANSWER)Make a complex allowing
actin to slide
Actin is a _____ filament - (ANSWER)Thin
Myosin is the _________ filament - (ANSWER)Thick
M lines are - (ANSWER)Anchors, immobile
, BYU CELL 220 Exam 2 – Muscular, Skeletal & Nervous Systems Study Guide
Action potential occurs at the... - (ANSWER)Neuromuscular junction
The Terminal Cisternae... - (ANSWER)Hold nutrients (mostly calcium)
What is the process of muscle contraction? - (ANSWER)1. An action potential arrives at the
neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh is released, binds to receptors, and opens sodium ion channels. 3.
Action potential travels along the t-tubules. 4. Calcium reacts with the troponin/tropomyosin complex,
affecting actin first. 5. Actin twists, Myosin slides. 6. The muscle shortens and produces tension.
What is the process of muscle relaxation? - (ANSWER)1. Calcium is reabsorbed (ATP is required),
triggered by a lack of excitability. 2. Interaction between thick and thin filaments relax. 3. Muscles
lengthen and relax.
What is a parallel fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle (Ex:
Rectus abdominis)
What is a circular fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)Fibers form concentric rings (Ex: Orbicularis oculi)
What is a convergent fascicle arrangement? - (ANSWER)The origin of the muscle is broad, and the
fascicles converge toward the insertion (Ex: Pectoralis major)
What does pennate mean? - (ANSWER)Means feathered. The fascicles are obliquely attached to the
tendon. There are three types.
What is a bipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)There are two angles of pennation, usually towards a
center point (Ex: Rectus Femoris)
What is a unipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)There is only one angle of pennation (Ex: Extensor
digitorum)
What is a multipennate arrangement? - (ANSWER)A muscle with multiple angles of pennation. (Ex:
Deltoid)
