Oefenvragen Cultural Psychology 2025 (60
vragen)
1. Which of the following best illustrates cultural essentialism?
A. Believing that behavior is determined by context rather than identity
B. Assuming that all members of a culture share identical traits
C. Recognizing that national averages do not apply to individuals
D. Studying variation within cultural groups
2. Which statement about WEIRD samples is most accurate?
A. They represent the psychological diversity of humankind.
B. They are an unbiased sample of human cognition.
C. They form only a small and atypical segment of global populations.
D. They include both industrialized and non-industrialized groups
equally.
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of bias in cross-cultural
research?
A. Construct bias
B. Method bias
C. Ecological bias
D. Item bias
4. In Hofstede’s framework, a society that emphasizes hierarchy
but also individual competition reflects:
A. Vertical individualism
B. Horizontal collectivism
C. Horizontal individualism
D. Vertical collectivism
,5. The ecological fallacy refers to:
A. Misinterpreting group-level data as individual-level tendencies
B. Assuming equivalence of measurement tools
C. Rejecting universalism in favor of relativism
D. Treating a psychological construct as culture-specific
6. “People behave calmly during crises because they are
Japanese.”
According to Poortinga’s Hierarchy of Interpretations, this
explanation operates at which level?
A. Behavioral
B. Cultural traits
C. Situational
D. Historical-political
7. In the Pen Paradigm, choosing the unique pen reflects:
A. Conformity bias
B. Interdependence
C. Independent self-construal
D. Situational over dispositional attribution
8. The main purpose of decentering in cross-cultural research is
to:
A. Focus on ethnocentric measures
B. Translate constructs literally across languages
C. Move away from one culture as the standard reference
D. Eliminate item bias by randomization
9. Which best represents a universalist position?
, A. Greeting behaviors differ but politeness motives are shared
B. Psychological processes differ fundamentally across cultures
C. Human psychology is identical everywhere
D. Cultural differences cannot be meaningfully compared
10. Which statement about ethnocentrism is most accurate?
A. It is an unavoidable bias because all humans have cultural filters.
B. It refers to valuing all cultural practices equally.
C. It ensures cultural equivalence in research.
D. It is the same as cultural relativism.
11. Which of the following most clearly involves enculturation
rather than socialization?
A. Parents explicitly teaching table manners
B. A child absorbing unspoken gender roles
C. School instruction about civic values
D. Formal moral education at church
12. According to Kagitcibasi, autonomous-related selves combine:
A. Material independence and emotional interdependence
B. Emotional independence and material dependence
C. Economic interdependence and social isolation
D. Cognitive independence and social detachment
13. In Keller’s typology, the interdependent parenting strategy
emphasizes:
A. Face-to-face and object stimulation
B. Body contact and social networks
C. Independence and emotional distance
D. Verbal elaboration and guided interaction
vragen)
1. Which of the following best illustrates cultural essentialism?
A. Believing that behavior is determined by context rather than identity
B. Assuming that all members of a culture share identical traits
C. Recognizing that national averages do not apply to individuals
D. Studying variation within cultural groups
2. Which statement about WEIRD samples is most accurate?
A. They represent the psychological diversity of humankind.
B. They are an unbiased sample of human cognition.
C. They form only a small and atypical segment of global populations.
D. They include both industrialized and non-industrialized groups
equally.
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of bias in cross-cultural
research?
A. Construct bias
B. Method bias
C. Ecological bias
D. Item bias
4. In Hofstede’s framework, a society that emphasizes hierarchy
but also individual competition reflects:
A. Vertical individualism
B. Horizontal collectivism
C. Horizontal individualism
D. Vertical collectivism
,5. The ecological fallacy refers to:
A. Misinterpreting group-level data as individual-level tendencies
B. Assuming equivalence of measurement tools
C. Rejecting universalism in favor of relativism
D. Treating a psychological construct as culture-specific
6. “People behave calmly during crises because they are
Japanese.”
According to Poortinga’s Hierarchy of Interpretations, this
explanation operates at which level?
A. Behavioral
B. Cultural traits
C. Situational
D. Historical-political
7. In the Pen Paradigm, choosing the unique pen reflects:
A. Conformity bias
B. Interdependence
C. Independent self-construal
D. Situational over dispositional attribution
8. The main purpose of decentering in cross-cultural research is
to:
A. Focus on ethnocentric measures
B. Translate constructs literally across languages
C. Move away from one culture as the standard reference
D. Eliminate item bias by randomization
9. Which best represents a universalist position?
, A. Greeting behaviors differ but politeness motives are shared
B. Psychological processes differ fundamentally across cultures
C. Human psychology is identical everywhere
D. Cultural differences cannot be meaningfully compared
10. Which statement about ethnocentrism is most accurate?
A. It is an unavoidable bias because all humans have cultural filters.
B. It refers to valuing all cultural practices equally.
C. It ensures cultural equivalence in research.
D. It is the same as cultural relativism.
11. Which of the following most clearly involves enculturation
rather than socialization?
A. Parents explicitly teaching table manners
B. A child absorbing unspoken gender roles
C. School instruction about civic values
D. Formal moral education at church
12. According to Kagitcibasi, autonomous-related selves combine:
A. Material independence and emotional interdependence
B. Emotional independence and material dependence
C. Economic interdependence and social isolation
D. Cognitive independence and social detachment
13. In Keller’s typology, the interdependent parenting strategy
emphasizes:
A. Face-to-face and object stimulation
B. Body contact and social networks
C. Independence and emotional distance
D. Verbal elaboration and guided interaction
