The nurse practitioner is providing education to a female patient on avoiding UTI. The
patient requires additional education if they identify what factor as a risk factor for UTI?
A. Recent sexual intercourse B. Previous pregnancy
C. Low fluid intake D. Spermicide use
While current pregnancy can elevate the risk for UTI, previous pregnancy does not.
Other risk factors include recent sexual intercourse, failure to void after intercourse,
spermicide use, low fluid intake, female sex assigned at birth, history of recent UTI or
recurrent UTIs, diabetes mellitus, and poor hygiene.
Which of the following symptoms prompts further evaluation in a patient with chronic
kidney disease?
A. Edema B. Hypertension
C. Weakness/fatigue D. New-onset oliguria
Patients with CKD often present with signs and symptoms as a result of diminished
kidney function (such as edema or hypertension) or of prolonged kidney failure (such as
weakness, fatigability, anorexia, vomiting, pruritis, and even encephalopathy and
seizures in advanced stages). However, new onset of an abnormally reduced urine
output (seen with oliguria or anuria) is not a common presentation with chronic kidney
disease alone. Often, it indicates some component of acute kidney injury superimposed
on the chronic disease and requires further evaluation.
The most frequent cause of acute complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is:
A. Escherichia coli B. Klebsiella
C. MSSA D. MRSA
The most frequent cause of acute complicated UTI is E. coli. Other uropathogens
include Enterobacterales (Klebsiella and Proteus species), Pseudomonas, enterococci,
and staphylocci (both MSSA and MRSA). It is important to note that the prevalence of a
particular pathogen over another depends on the host.
A patient presents complaining of edema and decreased urine output after taking a
prescribed aminoglycoside as an antibacterial agent for a complicated UTI for the past 3
weeks. The NP is concerned for which type of kidney injury?
A. Prerenal B. CKD stage 1 C. Postrenal D. Acute tubular
necrosis
Answer: D. Acute tubular necrosis
Aminoglycoside is an antibacterial agent that is frequently used in combination with
other agents for treatment of septicemia, nosocomial respiratory tract infections,
complicated UTIs, complicated intra-abdominal infections, and osteomyelitis. However,
aminoglycosides are considered nephrotoxic and can contribute to acute tubular
necrosis. Patients with acute kidney injury may present with symptoms of diminished
kidney function (e.g., edema, hypertension, decreased urine output). Prerenal disease
is often a consequence of volume depletion in the setting of hypovolemia caused by
dehydration, hemorrhage, or renal (diuretics) or gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea) fluid
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 09:40:39 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/250618454/Leik-GU-docx/
, loss. Chronic kidney disease is the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney
function for 3 or more months, irrespective of the cause. Postrenal acute kidney injury
(often referred to as obstructive nephropathy) is often a result of prostatic disease
(hyperplasia or cancer), renal calculi, clots, neurogenic bladder, or medications that
cause urinary retention.
A patient presents with acute renal colic pain, hematuria, nausea, and vomiting. Based
on these symptoms, which of the following tests is the preferred imaging to confirm the
diagnosis?
A. KUB B. AXR
C. CTAP without contrast D. Intravenous
pyelography
CT of the abdomen and pelvis without contrast is the preferred diagnostic test for
nephrolithiasis and reliably detects hydronephrosis. Ultrasound of the kidneys and
bladder detects hydronephrosis and can be used as a reasonable alternative to a CT
scan, especially for pregnant patients to avoid ionizing radiation and when CT is not
available. However, ultrasound is less accurate and has greater variability than CT for
diagnosis. Abdominal radiography, intravenous pyelography, and MRI are used as
adjunct or follow-up examinations and are rarely used in the initial diagnosis of
nephrolithiasis. Abdominal radiography does not detect hydronephrosis and is less
accurate than CT for stone detection. Intravenous pyelography detects hydronephrosis
but is less sensitive and specific compared with CT for the detection of stones
Which of the following is a cause of prerenal disease in acute kidney injury?
A. Nephrotoxic agents B. Dehydration
C. Renal calculi D. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prerenal disease is often a consequence of true volume depletion in the setting of
hypovolemia caused by dehydration, hemorrhage, or renal (diuretics) or gastrointestinal
(vomiting, diarrhea) fluid loss. Nephrotoxins are a common cause of ATN, a form of
intrarenal acute kidney injury. Postrenal acute kidney injury (often referred to as
obstructive nephropathy) is often a result of prostatic disease (hyperplasia or cancer),
renal calculi, clots, neurogenic bladder, and medications that cause urinary retention.
A patient presents with acute renal colic pain and hematuria. The patient denies
nausea, vomiting, and dysuria. Serum creatinine level is 0.8 mg/dL. The patient is
afebrile, and urinalysis is unremarkable. Imaging indicates a stone of 5 mm. What is the
priority intervention for management of this patient?
A. Analgesia and hydration B. Urologic consultation
C. Administration tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily D. Initiation of antibiotics
This patient is presenting with nephrolithiasis. Most patients with a stone ≤5 mm can be
treated conservatively at home with pain medication and hydration until the stone
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 09:40:39 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/250618454/Leik-GU-docx/
patient requires additional education if they identify what factor as a risk factor for UTI?
A. Recent sexual intercourse B. Previous pregnancy
C. Low fluid intake D. Spermicide use
While current pregnancy can elevate the risk for UTI, previous pregnancy does not.
Other risk factors include recent sexual intercourse, failure to void after intercourse,
spermicide use, low fluid intake, female sex assigned at birth, history of recent UTI or
recurrent UTIs, diabetes mellitus, and poor hygiene.
Which of the following symptoms prompts further evaluation in a patient with chronic
kidney disease?
A. Edema B. Hypertension
C. Weakness/fatigue D. New-onset oliguria
Patients with CKD often present with signs and symptoms as a result of diminished
kidney function (such as edema or hypertension) or of prolonged kidney failure (such as
weakness, fatigability, anorexia, vomiting, pruritis, and even encephalopathy and
seizures in advanced stages). However, new onset of an abnormally reduced urine
output (seen with oliguria or anuria) is not a common presentation with chronic kidney
disease alone. Often, it indicates some component of acute kidney injury superimposed
on the chronic disease and requires further evaluation.
The most frequent cause of acute complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is:
A. Escherichia coli B. Klebsiella
C. MSSA D. MRSA
The most frequent cause of acute complicated UTI is E. coli. Other uropathogens
include Enterobacterales (Klebsiella and Proteus species), Pseudomonas, enterococci,
and staphylocci (both MSSA and MRSA). It is important to note that the prevalence of a
particular pathogen over another depends on the host.
A patient presents complaining of edema and decreased urine output after taking a
prescribed aminoglycoside as an antibacterial agent for a complicated UTI for the past 3
weeks. The NP is concerned for which type of kidney injury?
A. Prerenal B. CKD stage 1 C. Postrenal D. Acute tubular
necrosis
Answer: D. Acute tubular necrosis
Aminoglycoside is an antibacterial agent that is frequently used in combination with
other agents for treatment of septicemia, nosocomial respiratory tract infections,
complicated UTIs, complicated intra-abdominal infections, and osteomyelitis. However,
aminoglycosides are considered nephrotoxic and can contribute to acute tubular
necrosis. Patients with acute kidney injury may present with symptoms of diminished
kidney function (e.g., edema, hypertension, decreased urine output). Prerenal disease
is often a consequence of volume depletion in the setting of hypovolemia caused by
dehydration, hemorrhage, or renal (diuretics) or gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea) fluid
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 09:40:39 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/250618454/Leik-GU-docx/
, loss. Chronic kidney disease is the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney
function for 3 or more months, irrespective of the cause. Postrenal acute kidney injury
(often referred to as obstructive nephropathy) is often a result of prostatic disease
(hyperplasia or cancer), renal calculi, clots, neurogenic bladder, or medications that
cause urinary retention.
A patient presents with acute renal colic pain, hematuria, nausea, and vomiting. Based
on these symptoms, which of the following tests is the preferred imaging to confirm the
diagnosis?
A. KUB B. AXR
C. CTAP without contrast D. Intravenous
pyelography
CT of the abdomen and pelvis without contrast is the preferred diagnostic test for
nephrolithiasis and reliably detects hydronephrosis. Ultrasound of the kidneys and
bladder detects hydronephrosis and can be used as a reasonable alternative to a CT
scan, especially for pregnant patients to avoid ionizing radiation and when CT is not
available. However, ultrasound is less accurate and has greater variability than CT for
diagnosis. Abdominal radiography, intravenous pyelography, and MRI are used as
adjunct or follow-up examinations and are rarely used in the initial diagnosis of
nephrolithiasis. Abdominal radiography does not detect hydronephrosis and is less
accurate than CT for stone detection. Intravenous pyelography detects hydronephrosis
but is less sensitive and specific compared with CT for the detection of stones
Which of the following is a cause of prerenal disease in acute kidney injury?
A. Nephrotoxic agents B. Dehydration
C. Renal calculi D. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prerenal disease is often a consequence of true volume depletion in the setting of
hypovolemia caused by dehydration, hemorrhage, or renal (diuretics) or gastrointestinal
(vomiting, diarrhea) fluid loss. Nephrotoxins are a common cause of ATN, a form of
intrarenal acute kidney injury. Postrenal acute kidney injury (often referred to as
obstructive nephropathy) is often a result of prostatic disease (hyperplasia or cancer),
renal calculi, clots, neurogenic bladder, and medications that cause urinary retention.
A patient presents with acute renal colic pain and hematuria. The patient denies
nausea, vomiting, and dysuria. Serum creatinine level is 0.8 mg/dL. The patient is
afebrile, and urinalysis is unremarkable. Imaging indicates a stone of 5 mm. What is the
priority intervention for management of this patient?
A. Analgesia and hydration B. Urologic consultation
C. Administration tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily D. Initiation of antibiotics
This patient is presenting with nephrolithiasis. Most patients with a stone ≤5 mm can be
treated conservatively at home with pain medication and hydration until the stone
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 09:40:39 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/250618454/Leik-GU-docx/
