Chapter 27, 28 & 29 review
Anatomical position of the kidney page 314
-retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
-protected by 11th and 12th ribs
-lower edge of rib cage
-in the back
Renal pelvis
-collects urine from ducts
-inner portion of kidney
-urine travels from the renal pelvis into the fibromuscular ureters
Chronic kidney failure----BUN
-elevated blood urea nitrogen (dialysis patients)
A client is diagnosed with chronic kidney failure and is unable to excrete the
nitrogenous waste products that build up. What diagnostic test results would the
nurse expect to observe related to the waste build up? Select all that apply.
a. Low potassium level
b. Elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
c. Elevated uric acid levels
d. Elevated creatinine levels
e. Elevated hemoglobin
Erythropoietin stimulated when blood oxygen is low; Fxn of the kidney.
-going to want more oxygen
-stimulates stem cells
-produces RBCs
-when a patient is hypoxic, EPO is secreted - result in injury or pulmonary disorders
Glomerular filtration: page 316, 320
- urine is formed
-denotes movement of wastes across glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule
- where filtration begins
-this increases the pressure within the vessels, forces a fluid (glomerular filtrate) out of
the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.
-this fluid resembles plasma, but it contains no blood cells and almost no protein
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 02:29:29 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/251520875/AP-Chapter-27-28-29-pdf/
, GFR: glomerular filtration rate page 320
- the amount of filtrate formed in all glomeruli of both kidneys per minute
-normal GFR in an adult is about 125 mL/min (about 180 L/day)
Micturition/incontinence:
- the release of urine or voiding
- incontinence: involuntary
Function of Urethra:
- a tube through which urine passes to the outside of the body
-opens onto the bladder wall
-elimination
- longer in men
-the urethra serves as the passageway for both urine and sperm
- shorter in women, prone to infection (UTI)
Kidney tubular secretion:
- process by which substances move from blood into the urine
- occurs by active or passive transport
- BLOOD → URINE
-ADH increases reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, thereby decreasing the
amount and increasing the concentration of urine.
-result: is maintenance of circulating blood volume and blood pressure (homeostasis)
Renal medulla houses pyramids:
- contains remainder of the renal tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting tubules
- 8-12 pyramids
- point directly into the renal pelvis
Urine production:
-formed in the nephron by glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular
secretion
-urine production is influenced by:
• Kidney functioning (glomerular filtration rate)
• Renal blood flow
• Hormonal balances
• Changes in the body’s fluid/electrolyte status
• Salt intake
• General physical condition, illnesses, exercise
• Some medications
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 02:29:29 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/251520875/AP-Chapter-27-28-29-pdf/
Anatomical position of the kidney page 314
-retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
-protected by 11th and 12th ribs
-lower edge of rib cage
-in the back
Renal pelvis
-collects urine from ducts
-inner portion of kidney
-urine travels from the renal pelvis into the fibromuscular ureters
Chronic kidney failure----BUN
-elevated blood urea nitrogen (dialysis patients)
A client is diagnosed with chronic kidney failure and is unable to excrete the
nitrogenous waste products that build up. What diagnostic test results would the
nurse expect to observe related to the waste build up? Select all that apply.
a. Low potassium level
b. Elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
c. Elevated uric acid levels
d. Elevated creatinine levels
e. Elevated hemoglobin
Erythropoietin stimulated when blood oxygen is low; Fxn of the kidney.
-going to want more oxygen
-stimulates stem cells
-produces RBCs
-when a patient is hypoxic, EPO is secreted - result in injury or pulmonary disorders
Glomerular filtration: page 316, 320
- urine is formed
-denotes movement of wastes across glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule
- where filtration begins
-this increases the pressure within the vessels, forces a fluid (glomerular filtrate) out of
the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.
-this fluid resembles plasma, but it contains no blood cells and almost no protein
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 02:29:29 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/251520875/AP-Chapter-27-28-29-pdf/
, GFR: glomerular filtration rate page 320
- the amount of filtrate formed in all glomeruli of both kidneys per minute
-normal GFR in an adult is about 125 mL/min (about 180 L/day)
Micturition/incontinence:
- the release of urine or voiding
- incontinence: involuntary
Function of Urethra:
- a tube through which urine passes to the outside of the body
-opens onto the bladder wall
-elimination
- longer in men
-the urethra serves as the passageway for both urine and sperm
- shorter in women, prone to infection (UTI)
Kidney tubular secretion:
- process by which substances move from blood into the urine
- occurs by active or passive transport
- BLOOD → URINE
-ADH increases reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, thereby decreasing the
amount and increasing the concentration of urine.
-result: is maintenance of circulating blood volume and blood pressure (homeostasis)
Renal medulla houses pyramids:
- contains remainder of the renal tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting tubules
- 8-12 pyramids
- point directly into the renal pelvis
Urine production:
-formed in the nephron by glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular
secretion
-urine production is influenced by:
• Kidney functioning (glomerular filtration rate)
• Renal blood flow
• Hormonal balances
• Changes in the body’s fluid/electrolyte status
• Salt intake
• General physical condition, illnesses, exercise
• Some medications
This study source was downloaded by 100000901307859 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2025 02:29:29 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/251520875/AP-Chapter-27-28-29-pdf/
