HSCI 140 part 2 for final Test Questions with Correct Answers
How much do we know about meditation?
What do we know about the effectiveness of meditation? - Answers Research suggests that
practicing meditation may reduce blood pressure, symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome,
anxiety and depression, insomnia, and the incidence, duration, and severity of acute respiratory
illnesses (such as influenza). Evidence about its effectiveness for pain and as a smoking-
cessation treatment is uncertain.
SELECTION OF STUDY DESIGN AND SAMPLE
SIZE
case control when?
prospective design when? - Answers • USING A CASE-CONTROL DESIGN WHEN EXPOSURE IS
VERY DIFFICULT TO ASSESS
• USING A PROSPECTIVE DESIGN ON A RARE CONDITION AND ON A SMALL POPULATION
• INADEQUATE POWER TO DETECT A GIVEN ("TRUE") DIFFERENCE WILL RESULT IN A
NEGATIVE STUDY (TOO SMALL SAMPLE SIZE)
define Internal validity and external validity - Answers -the subjects are representative of the
population to which generalizations are made
- If subjects in the study represent the general population
Advantages of GRADE over other systems - Answers •Developed by a widely representative
group of international guideline developers
•Clear separation between quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
•Explicit evaluation of the importance of outcomes of alternative management strategies
• Explicit, comprehensive criteria for downgrading and upgrading quality of evidence ratings
• Transparent process of moving from evidence to recommendations
•Explicit acknowledgment of values and preferences
•Clear, pragmatic interpretation of strong versus weak recommendations for clinicians, patients,
and policy makers
•Useful for systematic reviews and health technology assessments, as well as guidelines
in the GRADE system Evidence based on randomized controlled trials begins as high quality
, evidence, but our confidence in the evidence may be decreased for 5 reasons: - Answers • Study
limitations
• Inconsistency of results
• Indirectness of evidence
• Imprecision
• Reporting bias
GRADE system low-high quality - Answers High quality— Further research is very unlikely to
change our confidence in the estimate of effect
Moderate quality— Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in
the estimate of effect and may change the estimate
Low quality- Further research is very likely to have an important impact on confidence in the
estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate
Very low quality— Any estimate of effect is very uncertain
article on evidence for shiatsu and acupuncture - Answers The strongest evidence for
acupressure was for pain, post-operative nausea and vomiting, and sleep.
describe HCG? can it be sold for weightloss? - Answers HCG is a hormone that is produced by
the human placenta during pregnancy.
HCG is approved by FDA as a prescription drug for the treatment of female infertility, and other
medical conditions. It is not approved for weight loss
As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became law
in 1994, a dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that? - Answers 1. is intended to
supplement the diet;
2. contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins; minerals; herbs or other
botanicals; amino acids; and other substances) or their constituents;
3. is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and
4. is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.
In Canada 6 Natural Health products are: - Answers 1. Vitamins and minerals
2. Herbal remedies
3. Homeopathic medicines
How much do we know about meditation?
What do we know about the effectiveness of meditation? - Answers Research suggests that
practicing meditation may reduce blood pressure, symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome,
anxiety and depression, insomnia, and the incidence, duration, and severity of acute respiratory
illnesses (such as influenza). Evidence about its effectiveness for pain and as a smoking-
cessation treatment is uncertain.
SELECTION OF STUDY DESIGN AND SAMPLE
SIZE
case control when?
prospective design when? - Answers • USING A CASE-CONTROL DESIGN WHEN EXPOSURE IS
VERY DIFFICULT TO ASSESS
• USING A PROSPECTIVE DESIGN ON A RARE CONDITION AND ON A SMALL POPULATION
• INADEQUATE POWER TO DETECT A GIVEN ("TRUE") DIFFERENCE WILL RESULT IN A
NEGATIVE STUDY (TOO SMALL SAMPLE SIZE)
define Internal validity and external validity - Answers -the subjects are representative of the
population to which generalizations are made
- If subjects in the study represent the general population
Advantages of GRADE over other systems - Answers •Developed by a widely representative
group of international guideline developers
•Clear separation between quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
•Explicit evaluation of the importance of outcomes of alternative management strategies
• Explicit, comprehensive criteria for downgrading and upgrading quality of evidence ratings
• Transparent process of moving from evidence to recommendations
•Explicit acknowledgment of values and preferences
•Clear, pragmatic interpretation of strong versus weak recommendations for clinicians, patients,
and policy makers
•Useful for systematic reviews and health technology assessments, as well as guidelines
in the GRADE system Evidence based on randomized controlled trials begins as high quality
, evidence, but our confidence in the evidence may be decreased for 5 reasons: - Answers • Study
limitations
• Inconsistency of results
• Indirectness of evidence
• Imprecision
• Reporting bias
GRADE system low-high quality - Answers High quality— Further research is very unlikely to
change our confidence in the estimate of effect
Moderate quality— Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in
the estimate of effect and may change the estimate
Low quality- Further research is very likely to have an important impact on confidence in the
estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate
Very low quality— Any estimate of effect is very uncertain
article on evidence for shiatsu and acupuncture - Answers The strongest evidence for
acupressure was for pain, post-operative nausea and vomiting, and sleep.
describe HCG? can it be sold for weightloss? - Answers HCG is a hormone that is produced by
the human placenta during pregnancy.
HCG is approved by FDA as a prescription drug for the treatment of female infertility, and other
medical conditions. It is not approved for weight loss
As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became law
in 1994, a dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that? - Answers 1. is intended to
supplement the diet;
2. contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins; minerals; herbs or other
botanicals; amino acids; and other substances) or their constituents;
3. is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and
4. is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.
In Canada 6 Natural Health products are: - Answers 1. Vitamins and minerals
2. Herbal remedies
3. Homeopathic medicines
