Toxicology Exam quiz and answers
graded A+
Pharmacology - ANS✅✅study of BENEFICIAL EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological systems
Toxicology - ANS✅✅study of ADVERSE EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological systems
How did early humans test toxins? - ANS✅✅Experimental trial and error
Bioavailability - ANS✅✅How much of a drug is absorbed into your bloodstream
What is Paracelsus known for? - ANS✅✅-A drug at the right dose can be poisonous
-therapeutic v toxic dose
-specificity of response
Who is Mathieu Orfila? - ANS✅✅father of forensic/analytical toxicology
What was the A Horse named Jim situation? - ANS✅✅horse serum was contaminated with
Tetanus to produce diphtheria antitoxin , killing 13 children.
What did Thalidomide do? - ANS✅✅used for morning sickness however caused severe birth
defects due to wrong enantiomer used (R worked, S didnt)
symptom - ANS✅✅effect reported by the patient
sign - ANS✅✅effect observed by clinician or doctor
palliative - ANS✅✅used to relieve symptoms
therapeutic - ANS✅✅used to cure disease
, prophylactic - ANS✅✅used to prevent disease
toxicity - ANS✅✅any adverse effect of a xenobiotic on a biological system
hazard - ANS✅✅LIKELIHOOD that a xenobiotic will cause toxicity at a SPECIFIC DOSE
risk - ANS✅✅A quantitative description of hazard (1 in 5 chance of heart disease)
safety - ANS✅✅reciprocal of hazard (999,999 in 1,000,000 chance of not getting cancer)
How do we measure dose rate? - ANS✅✅microgram/kilogram-day
Steps in the drug development process - ANS✅✅in vitro studies
animal testing
clinical testing (phase 1-4)
marketing
animal testing is used for what? - ANS✅✅check toxicity
Phase 1 - ANS✅✅healthy volunteers and focus on toxicity
Phase 2 - ANS✅✅People with disease and focus on efficacy
Phase 3 - ANS✅✅thousands with disease and focus on safety, dosage, and efficacy (also observe
interactions with other drugs)
double-blind study - ANS✅✅patient, doctor, and investigator do not know if they are getting
placebo or drug. This removes bias
Continuous or graded variables - ANS✅✅-body weight
-blood pressure
-enzyme activity
graded A+
Pharmacology - ANS✅✅study of BENEFICIAL EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological systems
Toxicology - ANS✅✅study of ADVERSE EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological systems
How did early humans test toxins? - ANS✅✅Experimental trial and error
Bioavailability - ANS✅✅How much of a drug is absorbed into your bloodstream
What is Paracelsus known for? - ANS✅✅-A drug at the right dose can be poisonous
-therapeutic v toxic dose
-specificity of response
Who is Mathieu Orfila? - ANS✅✅father of forensic/analytical toxicology
What was the A Horse named Jim situation? - ANS✅✅horse serum was contaminated with
Tetanus to produce diphtheria antitoxin , killing 13 children.
What did Thalidomide do? - ANS✅✅used for morning sickness however caused severe birth
defects due to wrong enantiomer used (R worked, S didnt)
symptom - ANS✅✅effect reported by the patient
sign - ANS✅✅effect observed by clinician or doctor
palliative - ANS✅✅used to relieve symptoms
therapeutic - ANS✅✅used to cure disease
, prophylactic - ANS✅✅used to prevent disease
toxicity - ANS✅✅any adverse effect of a xenobiotic on a biological system
hazard - ANS✅✅LIKELIHOOD that a xenobiotic will cause toxicity at a SPECIFIC DOSE
risk - ANS✅✅A quantitative description of hazard (1 in 5 chance of heart disease)
safety - ANS✅✅reciprocal of hazard (999,999 in 1,000,000 chance of not getting cancer)
How do we measure dose rate? - ANS✅✅microgram/kilogram-day
Steps in the drug development process - ANS✅✅in vitro studies
animal testing
clinical testing (phase 1-4)
marketing
animal testing is used for what? - ANS✅✅check toxicity
Phase 1 - ANS✅✅healthy volunteers and focus on toxicity
Phase 2 - ANS✅✅People with disease and focus on efficacy
Phase 3 - ANS✅✅thousands with disease and focus on safety, dosage, and efficacy (also observe
interactions with other drugs)
double-blind study - ANS✅✅patient, doctor, and investigator do not know if they are getting
placebo or drug. This removes bias
Continuous or graded variables - ANS✅✅-body weight
-blood pressure
-enzyme activity
