Toxicology Exam quiz and answers
graded A+
Protein function can be regulated by post-translational modification (PTM), indicate the names of 4
types of PTM - ANS✅✅DNA methylation
DNA pol II
Histone acetylation
Which two methods detect end-point DNA - ANS✅✅PCR and dPCR
Which method need molecular probe to detect DNA product during the reaction? - ANS✅✅RT PCR
Which methods quantify DNA numbers - ANS✅✅RT PCR and dPCR
Why thermal stable DNA polymerase is critical for PCR reaction? - ANS✅✅So high temps won't
disrupt the enzyme activity
A SNAP associated with a gene will definitely lead to a phenotype change. is this statement correct? -
ANS✅✅No will not definitely change, but can see change. Depends on the location of
insertion/deletion and if it will change codon
From gene to protein, the function and expression of a protein are regulated by mechanisms at
different levels. Indicate the names of 4 mechanisms - ANS✅✅Transcription
Replication
Transcription
What's the principle for the first-dimension separation? - ANS✅✅Uses charge of protein and
separates by pI by pH gradient strip
What's the principle for the second-dimension separation? - ANS✅✅Takes into account charge
and mass of protein
, Which dimension should SDS be included in running buffer? - ANS✅✅2nd dimension only because
it coats the protein with a charge
List two methods to determine the molecular weight of a protein - ANS✅✅Mass spectrometry
Gel electrophoresis
Strengths and weaknesses of toxicology approach - ANS✅✅Can come up with cause-effect
Experimental
Results might not be analogous to humans due to variation
Can derive dose-response curve
We have a control
Strengths and weaknesses of epidemiological approach - ANS✅✅Uses lare databases and data
from real world
Weakness in how data can be self-repoted
No control group (contiguous)
What types of controls are usually included in in-vitro toxicological studies and what is their
purpose? Are the same types of controls included in descriptive animal testing, and why or why not?
- ANS✅✅Positive and negative controls
Positive - contains chemical agent of toxicity that we want to test
Negative - does not contain chemical/toxic agent, rather it can be the vehicle in which helps
compare effects with positive control
No, not the same types of control in animals - usually includes negative but not positive control
2 distinct types of animal toxicity studies - ANS✅✅Subchronic and chronic
Subchronic (animal toxicity studies) - ANS✅✅Generally 1-3 months
Uses rats an dogs
6-8/sex/dose
Repeated administration
Dosage = critical to investigational new drug submission (IND)
Has essential data for pre-clinical trials
graded A+
Protein function can be regulated by post-translational modification (PTM), indicate the names of 4
types of PTM - ANS✅✅DNA methylation
DNA pol II
Histone acetylation
Which two methods detect end-point DNA - ANS✅✅PCR and dPCR
Which method need molecular probe to detect DNA product during the reaction? - ANS✅✅RT PCR
Which methods quantify DNA numbers - ANS✅✅RT PCR and dPCR
Why thermal stable DNA polymerase is critical for PCR reaction? - ANS✅✅So high temps won't
disrupt the enzyme activity
A SNAP associated with a gene will definitely lead to a phenotype change. is this statement correct? -
ANS✅✅No will not definitely change, but can see change. Depends on the location of
insertion/deletion and if it will change codon
From gene to protein, the function and expression of a protein are regulated by mechanisms at
different levels. Indicate the names of 4 mechanisms - ANS✅✅Transcription
Replication
Transcription
What's the principle for the first-dimension separation? - ANS✅✅Uses charge of protein and
separates by pI by pH gradient strip
What's the principle for the second-dimension separation? - ANS✅✅Takes into account charge
and mass of protein
, Which dimension should SDS be included in running buffer? - ANS✅✅2nd dimension only because
it coats the protein with a charge
List two methods to determine the molecular weight of a protein - ANS✅✅Mass spectrometry
Gel electrophoresis
Strengths and weaknesses of toxicology approach - ANS✅✅Can come up with cause-effect
Experimental
Results might not be analogous to humans due to variation
Can derive dose-response curve
We have a control
Strengths and weaknesses of epidemiological approach - ANS✅✅Uses lare databases and data
from real world
Weakness in how data can be self-repoted
No control group (contiguous)
What types of controls are usually included in in-vitro toxicological studies and what is their
purpose? Are the same types of controls included in descriptive animal testing, and why or why not?
- ANS✅✅Positive and negative controls
Positive - contains chemical agent of toxicity that we want to test
Negative - does not contain chemical/toxic agent, rather it can be the vehicle in which helps
compare effects with positive control
No, not the same types of control in animals - usually includes negative but not positive control
2 distinct types of animal toxicity studies - ANS✅✅Subchronic and chronic
Subchronic (animal toxicity studies) - ANS✅✅Generally 1-3 months
Uses rats an dogs
6-8/sex/dose
Repeated administration
Dosage = critical to investigational new drug submission (IND)
Has essential data for pre-clinical trials
