MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Nephrotic syndrome - ,,,answer,,,characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ,,,answer,,,Lesions that involve
all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed
focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ,,,answer,,,When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ,,,answer,,,An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ,,,answer,,,Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention
-- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
,activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial,
basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ,,,answer,,,A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ,,,answer,,,cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ,,,answer,,,History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
, Hydronephrosis - ,,,answer,,,An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ,,,answer,,,inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - ,,,answer,,,cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - ,,,answer,,,Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena
cava is affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and
hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - ,,,answer,,,Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria
is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed
to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be
present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or
decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more
advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are
also manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Nephrotic syndrome - ,,,answer,,,characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ,,,answer,,,Lesions that involve
all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed
focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ,,,answer,,,When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ,,,answer,,,An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ,,,answer,,,Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention
-- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
,activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial,
basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ,,,answer,,,refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ,,,answer,,,A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ,,,answer,,,cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ,,,answer,,,History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
, Hydronephrosis - ,,,answer,,,An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ,,,answer,,,inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - ,,,answer,,,cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - ,,,answer,,,Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena
cava is affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and
hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - ,,,answer,,,Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria
is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed
to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be
present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or
decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more
advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are
also manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination
