NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
1. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Cervical: ACS recommends cervical cancer screening
with an HPV test alone every 5 years for everyone with a cervix from age 25 until age 65. If HPV testing alone is not
available, people can get screened with an HPV/Pap cotest every 5 years or a Pap test every 3 years.
2. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Breast: Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice
to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they wish to do so.
Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly screening.
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer.
All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to breast cancer screening.
3. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Colon: Regular screening at age 45. This can be done
either with a sensitive test that looks for signs of cancer in a person's stool (a stool-based test), or with an exam that
looks at the colon and rectum (a visual exam).
If you're in good health, you should continue regular screening through age 75.
For people ages 76 through 85, talk with your health care provider about whether continuing to get screened is right
for you. When deciding, take into account your own preferences, overall health, and past screening history.
People over 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening.
4. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Endometrial: at the time of menopause, all women
should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women should report any unexpected vaginal
bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
Some women - because of their history - may need to consider having a yearly endometrial biopsy. Please talk with a
health care provider about your history
5. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Lung: Are aged 55 to 74 years and in fairly good health
and
Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years and
Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per year. One pack per day
for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-years.)
6. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Prostate: Starting at age 50, men should talk to a
health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the right choice for them.
If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65, you should have this
talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal exam. How often you're tested will
depend on your PSA level.
7. Breast cancer early detection: Long term surveillance focuses on early detection
Women at high risk benefit from MRI and yearly mammogram
Clinical breast exams twice a year starting at age 25
Chemoprevention: Women at high risk Tamoxifen and raloxifene
Prophylactic mastectomy
8. breast cancer diagnosis: Early detection via self-examination and mammography
X-ray examination
American Cancer Society recommends screening every year for women 40 and over
U.S. Prevention Services Task Force on Breast Cancer Screening recommends 50 and over
Breast self-examination (BSE; "breast self-awareness") 5 to 7 days after menses
Mammography Annually after the age of 40 years Digital and 3D Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue analysis Percutaneous biopsy Fine-needle aspiration Core needle biopsy Stereotactic core biopsy Ultra-
sound-guided core biopsy MRI core biopsy
Staging: TMN (tumor, nodes, metastasis)
Chest x-ray, CT, MRI, PET, bone scan and blood work
Prognosis Tumor size Spread to the lymph nodes? Certain genes (ERBB2)
9. breast cancer treatment: radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, lumpec-
tomy, mastectomy, or combo; 50% of women with breast cancer experience sexual problems resulting from physical
effects of therapy, lumpectomy, radical mastectomy, chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen ,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified radical mastectomy
Total mastectomy
Breast conservation treatment
Sentinel node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection
Nonsurgical: Radiation therapy—external beam, brachytherapy
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy Estrogen and progesterone receptor assay Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)—
tamoxifen Aromatase inhibitors—anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane
Targeted therapy
10. Reconstructive Procedures After Mastectomy: Tissue expander followed by permanent
implant
Tissue transfer procedures Transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
Nipple-areola reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive breast surgery: mammoplasty Reduction, augmentation Mastopexy
11. Lung cancer diagnosis: Bronchcoscopy washings
Pleural fluid samples
Examination of tissue from biopsy
CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal widening
Infiltrates
Pleural effusions
Cavitation
12. lung cancer treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
13. Colon Cancer Diagnosis: DRE, fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, barium enema
14. Colon Cancer Diagnostic Test: • C.T & MRI scans - provide information about lymph node involvement
and spread beyond the colorectal region
• Annual Digital examination should be done in all people over 40
• About 2/3 of tumors can be detected by sigmoidoscopy with biopsy
15. Colon Cancer Treatment: If there's extracolonic involvement (Lymph Nodes or Mets) the treatment is
FOLFOX (5-Fu + Leucovorin + Oxaliplatin) or FOLFIRI.
Recently added to improve remission is Bevacizumab, a VEGF Inhibitor.
If there's no extracolonic involvement a simple resection is curative.
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
16. Colon Cancer Treatment: easy to treat; laparotomy (cut in the abdomen), colostomy, chemotherapy
(NO radiation due to sensitivity of region); exercise reduces risk of re-emergence
17. Colon Cancer Treatment: Surgical removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening at age 50
18. Prostate cancer screening: -Start screening at age 50; High risk begin discussions at 40-45
-If PSA < 2.5; test q 2yrs
-If PSA > 2.5; annual testing
-If PSA > 4.0; refer for evaluation
19. Prostate cancer diagnosis: Assess how the underlying disorder (BPH or prostate cancer) has affected
the patient's lifestyle
Urinary and sexual function
Health history
Nutritional status
Activity level and abilities
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
PSA blood test (staging)
Men with a PSA level between 4 and 10 (often called the "borderline range") have about a 1 in 4 chance of having
prostate cancer.
If the PSA is more than 10, the chance of having prostate cancer is over 50%.
A core needle biopsy is the main method used to diagnose prostate cancer. It is usually done by a urologist.
other tests: Prostate Health Index (PHI), 4Kscore test, PCA3 tests (such as Progensa), and ConfirmMDx.
20. prostate cancer treatment: Stage 1
->Radical Prostatectomy
Stage 2
->RP +/- node dissection
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
1. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Cervical: ACS recommends cervical cancer screening
with an HPV test alone every 5 years for everyone with a cervix from age 25 until age 65. If HPV testing alone is not
available, people can get screened with an HPV/Pap cotest every 5 years or a Pap test every 3 years.
2. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Breast: Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice
to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they wish to do so.
Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly screening.
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer.
All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to breast cancer screening.
3. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Colon: Regular screening at age 45. This can be done
either with a sensitive test that looks for signs of cancer in a person's stool (a stool-based test), or with an exam that
looks at the colon and rectum (a visual exam).
If you're in good health, you should continue regular screening through age 75.
For people ages 76 through 85, talk with your health care provider about whether continuing to get screened is right
for you. When deciding, take into account your own preferences, overall health, and past screening history.
People over 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening.
4. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Endometrial: at the time of menopause, all women
should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women should report any unexpected vaginal
bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
Some women - because of their history - may need to consider having a yearly endometrial biopsy. Please talk with a
health care provider about your history
5. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Lung: Are aged 55 to 74 years and in fairly good health
and
Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years and
Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per year. One pack per day
for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-years.)
6. ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Prostate: Starting at age 50, men should talk to a
health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the right choice for them.
If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65, you should have this
talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal exam. How often you're tested will
depend on your PSA level.
7. Breast cancer early detection: Long term surveillance focuses on early detection
Women at high risk benefit from MRI and yearly mammogram
Clinical breast exams twice a year starting at age 25
Chemoprevention: Women at high risk Tamoxifen and raloxifene
Prophylactic mastectomy
8. breast cancer diagnosis: Early detection via self-examination and mammography
X-ray examination
American Cancer Society recommends screening every year for women 40 and over
U.S. Prevention Services Task Force on Breast Cancer Screening recommends 50 and over
Breast self-examination (BSE; "breast self-awareness") 5 to 7 days after menses
Mammography Annually after the age of 40 years Digital and 3D Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue analysis Percutaneous biopsy Fine-needle aspiration Core needle biopsy Stereotactic core biopsy Ultra-
sound-guided core biopsy MRI core biopsy
Staging: TMN (tumor, nodes, metastasis)
Chest x-ray, CT, MRI, PET, bone scan and blood work
Prognosis Tumor size Spread to the lymph nodes? Certain genes (ERBB2)
9. breast cancer treatment: radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, lumpec-
tomy, mastectomy, or combo; 50% of women with breast cancer experience sexual problems resulting from physical
effects of therapy, lumpectomy, radical mastectomy, chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen ,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified radical mastectomy
Total mastectomy
Breast conservation treatment
Sentinel node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection
Nonsurgical: Radiation therapy—external beam, brachytherapy
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy Estrogen and progesterone receptor assay Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)—
tamoxifen Aromatase inhibitors—anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane
Targeted therapy
10. Reconstructive Procedures After Mastectomy: Tissue expander followed by permanent
implant
Tissue transfer procedures Transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
Nipple-areola reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive breast surgery: mammoplasty Reduction, augmentation Mastopexy
11. Lung cancer diagnosis: Bronchcoscopy washings
Pleural fluid samples
Examination of tissue from biopsy
CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal widening
Infiltrates
Pleural effusions
Cavitation
12. lung cancer treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
13. Colon Cancer Diagnosis: DRE, fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, barium enema
14. Colon Cancer Diagnostic Test: • C.T & MRI scans - provide information about lymph node involvement
and spread beyond the colorectal region
• Annual Digital examination should be done in all people over 40
• About 2/3 of tumors can be detected by sigmoidoscopy with biopsy
15. Colon Cancer Treatment: If there's extracolonic involvement (Lymph Nodes or Mets) the treatment is
FOLFOX (5-Fu + Leucovorin + Oxaliplatin) or FOLFIRI.
Recently added to improve remission is Bevacizumab, a VEGF Inhibitor.
If there's no extracolonic involvement a simple resection is curative.
, NUR 410 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_htkheq
16. Colon Cancer Treatment: easy to treat; laparotomy (cut in the abdomen), colostomy, chemotherapy
(NO radiation due to sensitivity of region); exercise reduces risk of re-emergence
17. Colon Cancer Treatment: Surgical removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening at age 50
18. Prostate cancer screening: -Start screening at age 50; High risk begin discussions at 40-45
-If PSA < 2.5; test q 2yrs
-If PSA > 2.5; annual testing
-If PSA > 4.0; refer for evaluation
19. Prostate cancer diagnosis: Assess how the underlying disorder (BPH or prostate cancer) has affected
the patient's lifestyle
Urinary and sexual function
Health history
Nutritional status
Activity level and abilities
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
PSA blood test (staging)
Men with a PSA level between 4 and 10 (often called the "borderline range") have about a 1 in 4 chance of having
prostate cancer.
If the PSA is more than 10, the chance of having prostate cancer is over 50%.
A core needle biopsy is the main method used to diagnose prostate cancer. It is usually done by a urologist.
other tests: Prostate Health Index (PHI), 4Kscore test, PCA3 tests (such as Progensa), and ConfirmMDx.
20. prostate cancer treatment: Stage 1
->Radical Prostatectomy
Stage 2
->RP +/- node dissection
