BIOLOGY FRQ Questions and Answers
RNA polymerase - ✅✅Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during
transcription using a DNA strand as a template
Spliceosomes (snRNPs) - ✅✅Removes the introns and connects/splices the exons in RNA
Codons - ✅✅A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or
termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
Ribosomes - ✅✅Consists of RNA, site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
tRNA (transfer RNA) - ✅✅Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during
protein synthesis
Cells regulate both protein synthesis and protein activity. Discuss TWO specific mechanisms of protein
regulation in eukaryotic cells. - ✅✅b. Two specific mechanisms of protein regulation in eukaryotic
cells include methylation and environmental conditions. In methylation, adding methyl groups inhibits
transcription. Epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression and regulates on and off of
genes as well as makes, maintains, and repairs DNA.
Environmental conditions that include intracellular (cell) control by pH/temperature/etc. pH can alter
shape or change function which could lead to substrate not being able to bind to active site or not
undergoing catalysis. Temperature increases protein activity until a certain point (when it reaches this
point, it can change shape and denature protein).
The central dogma does not apply to some viruses. Select a specific virus or type and explain how it
deviates from the central dogma. - ✅✅c. A retrovirus, such as HIV, deviates from the central dogma
because instead of creating proteins from DNA (RNA from DNA), it uses it's host cell to create DNA from
the virus' own RNA, changing the genome of the cell.
RNA polymerase - ✅✅Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during
transcription using a DNA strand as a template
Spliceosomes (snRNPs) - ✅✅Removes the introns and connects/splices the exons in RNA
Codons - ✅✅A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or
termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
Ribosomes - ✅✅Consists of RNA, site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
tRNA (transfer RNA) - ✅✅Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during
protein synthesis
Cells regulate both protein synthesis and protein activity. Discuss TWO specific mechanisms of protein
regulation in eukaryotic cells. - ✅✅b. Two specific mechanisms of protein regulation in eukaryotic
cells include methylation and environmental conditions. In methylation, adding methyl groups inhibits
transcription. Epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression and regulates on and off of
genes as well as makes, maintains, and repairs DNA.
Environmental conditions that include intracellular (cell) control by pH/temperature/etc. pH can alter
shape or change function which could lead to substrate not being able to bind to active site or not
undergoing catalysis. Temperature increases protein activity until a certain point (when it reaches this
point, it can change shape and denature protein).
The central dogma does not apply to some viruses. Select a specific virus or type and explain how it
deviates from the central dogma. - ✅✅c. A retrovirus, such as HIV, deviates from the central dogma
because instead of creating proteins from DNA (RNA from DNA), it uses it's host cell to create DNA from
the virus' own RNA, changing the genome of the cell.
