AP Biology FRQ Final Questions and Answers
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.A) Make a claim about the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in
ATP synthesis - ✅✅The inner mitochondial membrane is the site for ATP synthesis
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.B) Present one piece of evidence that supports the role you proposed in
part a - ✅✅The presence of ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial is where ADP undergoes
phosphorylation
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.C) Provide reasoning to explain how the evidence you presented in part B
supports made in part A - ✅✅The protons move throuhg ATP synthase from the intermembrane
space to matrix and produce ATP
Describe how the phospholipids of a plasma membrane regulate the movement of large or polar
molecules across the membrane. Explain how osmosis will affect animal cells when the cells are placed
into an environment with a low water potential (high solute concentration) compared to the
intracellular water potential. - ✅✅The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Integral
membrane proteins enable ions and large polar molecules to pass through the membrane in active or
passive transport. When an animal cell is placed into an environment with low water potential, the net
diffusion of the water will go from high water potential to low water potential, meaning water will flow
outside the cell into the outside environment.
Describe how increasing salinity affects the amount of fluid ejected each time a contractile vacuole
contracts. Calculate the water potential (Ψ) of an animal cell without contractile vacuoles if water enters
the cell and creates a solute potential (ΨS) of −2. Assume that the pressure potential(ΨP) in the cell is 0.
- ✅✅Increased salinity will affect the amount of fluid ejected each time a contractile vacuole
contracts because the surrounding water becomes more hypertonic as salinity increases. Since the
tonicity increases, water potential decreases, and more water will be ejected from the vacuole because,
in osmosis, water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration.math: -2
Cyanobacteria are a large group of prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria are found in marine microbial
mats that include many species of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that can participate in
, mutualistic symbiotic relationships. One recently discovered species of cyanobacteria, UCYN-A, lacks the
genes that encode ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), components of
photosystem II, and the Krebs cycle. UCYN-A contains genes enabling nitrogen fixation, which allows the
enzymatic conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to biologically available nitrogen compounds such as
nitrate. Within the microbial community there is relatively little available nitrogen. The majority of
organisms in the microbial mat cannot fix nitrogen.
Question
Identify the metabolic process whereby UCYN-A is most likely to produce ATP. - ✅✅Metabolic
streamlining : in an open-ocean nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium. We found that UCYN-A lacks a number
of major metabolic pathways including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but retains sufficient electron
transport capacity to generate energy and reducing power from light.
Thirty corn seedlings of equal size were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups. at the
beginning of the experiment, the plants in group I were dried and the mass was determined. the plants
in group II were maintained in light for a week. the plants in group III were maintained in the dark for a
week. All conditions, other than light were the same for groups II and III. at the end of the week, the
plants in group II and III were dried and the mass was determined. the experimental results are provided
in the table.
(a) to explain the increase in mass of the light-grown plants, identify ONE inorganic source of new plant
mass and connect it to the cellular process underlying the increase in mass.
(b) to explain the decrease in mass in the dark-grown plants, identify the overall chemical reaction that
is occurring in the plant cells and connect it to the cellular process underlying the decrease in mass. -
✅✅(a) one inorganic source of new plant mass is water from the air and soil which the plant takes in
along with carbon dioxide. within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while
the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. this transforms the water into oxygen and the
carbon dioxide into glucose. therefore, the increase in mass comes from the water turning into oxygen
and carbon dioxide into glucose from photosynthesis.
(b) the overall chemical reaction that is occurring is cellular respiration. since the plant is not receiving
any light, it is unable to perform the process of photosynthesis. therefore, since it has a mitochondria, it
must resort to this process with a chemical reaction represented by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy. the plant is ultimately decreasing in mass because it is releasing water and using
stored glucose up. thus, with a release of CO2, H2O, and energy, the plant loses mass. also, since it was
in the dark, it most likely used oxygen rather than CO2 to add to other substances. thus not taking in
CO2 to power it.
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.A) Make a claim about the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in
ATP synthesis - ✅✅The inner mitochondial membrane is the site for ATP synthesis
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.B) Present one piece of evidence that supports the role you proposed in
part a - ✅✅The presence of ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial is where ADP undergoes
phosphorylation
According to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter MItchell in 1961, an electrochemical gradient
is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondira. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model
by doing each of the following.C) Provide reasoning to explain how the evidence you presented in part B
supports made in part A - ✅✅The protons move throuhg ATP synthase from the intermembrane
space to matrix and produce ATP
Describe how the phospholipids of a plasma membrane regulate the movement of large or polar
molecules across the membrane. Explain how osmosis will affect animal cells when the cells are placed
into an environment with a low water potential (high solute concentration) compared to the
intracellular water potential. - ✅✅The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Integral
membrane proteins enable ions and large polar molecules to pass through the membrane in active or
passive transport. When an animal cell is placed into an environment with low water potential, the net
diffusion of the water will go from high water potential to low water potential, meaning water will flow
outside the cell into the outside environment.
Describe how increasing salinity affects the amount of fluid ejected each time a contractile vacuole
contracts. Calculate the water potential (Ψ) of an animal cell without contractile vacuoles if water enters
the cell and creates a solute potential (ΨS) of −2. Assume that the pressure potential(ΨP) in the cell is 0.
- ✅✅Increased salinity will affect the amount of fluid ejected each time a contractile vacuole
contracts because the surrounding water becomes more hypertonic as salinity increases. Since the
tonicity increases, water potential decreases, and more water will be ejected from the vacuole because,
in osmosis, water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration.math: -2
Cyanobacteria are a large group of prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria are found in marine microbial
mats that include many species of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that can participate in
, mutualistic symbiotic relationships. One recently discovered species of cyanobacteria, UCYN-A, lacks the
genes that encode ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), components of
photosystem II, and the Krebs cycle. UCYN-A contains genes enabling nitrogen fixation, which allows the
enzymatic conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to biologically available nitrogen compounds such as
nitrate. Within the microbial community there is relatively little available nitrogen. The majority of
organisms in the microbial mat cannot fix nitrogen.
Question
Identify the metabolic process whereby UCYN-A is most likely to produce ATP. - ✅✅Metabolic
streamlining : in an open-ocean nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium. We found that UCYN-A lacks a number
of major metabolic pathways including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but retains sufficient electron
transport capacity to generate energy and reducing power from light.
Thirty corn seedlings of equal size were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups. at the
beginning of the experiment, the plants in group I were dried and the mass was determined. the plants
in group II were maintained in light for a week. the plants in group III were maintained in the dark for a
week. All conditions, other than light were the same for groups II and III. at the end of the week, the
plants in group II and III were dried and the mass was determined. the experimental results are provided
in the table.
(a) to explain the increase in mass of the light-grown plants, identify ONE inorganic source of new plant
mass and connect it to the cellular process underlying the increase in mass.
(b) to explain the decrease in mass in the dark-grown plants, identify the overall chemical reaction that
is occurring in the plant cells and connect it to the cellular process underlying the decrease in mass. -
✅✅(a) one inorganic source of new plant mass is water from the air and soil which the plant takes in
along with carbon dioxide. within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while
the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. this transforms the water into oxygen and the
carbon dioxide into glucose. therefore, the increase in mass comes from the water turning into oxygen
and carbon dioxide into glucose from photosynthesis.
(b) the overall chemical reaction that is occurring is cellular respiration. since the plant is not receiving
any light, it is unable to perform the process of photosynthesis. therefore, since it has a mitochondria, it
must resort to this process with a chemical reaction represented by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy. the plant is ultimately decreasing in mass because it is releasing water and using
stored glucose up. thus, with a release of CO2, H2O, and energy, the plant loses mass. also, since it was
in the dark, it most likely used oxygen rather than CO2 to add to other substances. thus not taking in
CO2 to power it.
