BUAD 304 MIDTERM 1 Exam with verified detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
Values, Attitudes & Ethics - correct answer✔✔*guide our thinking and behavior across all
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situations* (attitudes are feelings towards specific objects, people or situations) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Organizational Behavior (OB) - correct answer✔✔a field of study devoted to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understanding/managing people at work to provide attitudes + behaviors ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Contingency Approach - correct answer✔✔uses Organizational Behavior concepts that best ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
suit the situation (avoids relying on "one best way")
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. a practice that wokred today may not work tomorrow, what worked with one employee
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
may not work with another ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hard vs. Soft Skills - correct answer✔✔Hard skills = technical expertise/knowledge required
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to do particular task Soft Skills= interpersonal skills/personal attributes
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4 Skills Most Desired by Employers - correct answer✔✔1. Critical Thinking 2. Problem Solving
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3. Judgement and Decision Making 4. Active Listening
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Portable Skills - correct answer✔✔*not job specific* relevant in every job, at every ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
level/throughout career (soft skills) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Whistle-Blower's Dilemma - correct answer✔✔when people do wrong/unethical things -- do ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
you "blow the whistle" and reveal behavior to management?
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,Person-Situation Distinction - correct answer✔✔*Person* Factors: characteristics that give ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*individual unique identities* Situation Factors: *elements outside ourselves that influence ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what we do*/the way we do it/ the result of our actions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Interactional Perspective - correct answer✔✔behavior is a function of interdependent ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
person/situation factors ||\\//||
Schwartz's Value Theory (motivate behavior) - correct answer✔✔broad values in *two ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
opposing bipolar dimensions* motivate our behavior: *1st Self-Transcendence* (concern for
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welfare of others) --> *Self-Enhancement* (pursuit of one's own interest) & 2nd *Openness
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to Change --> Conservation* (conformity)
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*relative importance of values within dimensions is what drives behavior*
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Self-Transcendence (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔First Bipolar Dimension: concern for ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
welfare and interests of others (universalism, benevolence)
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ex. you'll value spending time fighting for climate change over getting an A
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Self-Enhancement (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔First Bipolar Dimension: pursuit of one's ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
own interests and relative success/ dominance over others (power, achievement)
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ex. youll value geting an A over fighting for equal rights
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Openness to Change (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔Second Bipolar Dimension: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
independence of thought, action, and feelings/ readiness for change (stimulation, self- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
direction)
ex. value exploring, creativity, challenges over tradition
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Conservation (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔Second Bipolar Dimension: order, self-restriction, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
preservation of the past, resistance to change (conformity, tradition, security)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. value tradition, religion over trying new things
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Schwartz's 10 Broad Values within 2 Dimensions - correct answer✔✔*Self-Transcendence* =
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1.Universalism 2.Benevolence. *Conservation* =3.Conformity 4.Tradition 5.Security *Self- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Enhancement* = 6.Power 7.Achievement 8.Hedonism(pleasure) *Openness to Change* ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
8,9.Stimulation 10. Self-Direction ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Application of Schwartz's Theory - correct answer✔✔-supported by research ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-predicts behavior ||\\//||
--
*helps managers better manage workers by predicting motives, reduces chances of conflict,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
determine whether values and goals are consistent* ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 Components of Attitudes - correct answer✔✔*Affective*(feelings/emotions)
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*Cognitive* (beliefs/ideas) ||\\//||
*Behavioral* (intentions/expectations) ||\\//||
**all influence behavior
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Cognitive Dissonance - correct answer✔✔psychological discomfort a person experiences
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when they simultaneously hold conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, emotions)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance - correct answer✔✔1. change attitude/conflicting
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behavior 2. belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior 3. find elements that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
outweigh the dissonant ones ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 Determinants of Intention (predict/ influence intention and behavior) - correct
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answer✔✔1. attitude toward the behavior (favorable/unfavorable) 2. subjective norm ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(perceived social pressure) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. perceived behavioral control (easy/difficulty to perform)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Determinants of Intention in Practice - correct answer✔✔Consider: Donating Blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
Values, Attitudes & Ethics - correct answer✔✔*guide our thinking and behavior across all
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
situations* (attitudes are feelings towards specific objects, people or situations) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Organizational Behavior (OB) - correct answer✔✔a field of study devoted to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understanding/managing people at work to provide attitudes + behaviors ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Contingency Approach - correct answer✔✔uses Organizational Behavior concepts that best ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
suit the situation (avoids relying on "one best way")
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. a practice that wokred today may not work tomorrow, what worked with one employee
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
may not work with another ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hard vs. Soft Skills - correct answer✔✔Hard skills = technical expertise/knowledge required
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to do particular task Soft Skills= interpersonal skills/personal attributes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4 Skills Most Desired by Employers - correct answer✔✔1. Critical Thinking 2. Problem Solving
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Judgement and Decision Making 4. Active Listening
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Portable Skills - correct answer✔✔*not job specific* relevant in every job, at every ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
level/throughout career (soft skills) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Whistle-Blower's Dilemma - correct answer✔✔when people do wrong/unethical things -- do ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
you "blow the whistle" and reveal behavior to management?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Person-Situation Distinction - correct answer✔✔*Person* Factors: characteristics that give ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*individual unique identities* Situation Factors: *elements outside ourselves that influence ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what we do*/the way we do it/ the result of our actions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Interactional Perspective - correct answer✔✔behavior is a function of interdependent ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
person/situation factors ||\\//||
Schwartz's Value Theory (motivate behavior) - correct answer✔✔broad values in *two ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
opposing bipolar dimensions* motivate our behavior: *1st Self-Transcendence* (concern for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
welfare of others) --> *Self-Enhancement* (pursuit of one's own interest) & 2nd *Openness
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to Change --> Conservation* (conformity)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*relative importance of values within dimensions is what drives behavior*
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Self-Transcendence (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔First Bipolar Dimension: concern for ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
welfare and interests of others (universalism, benevolence)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. you'll value spending time fighting for climate change over getting an A
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Self-Enhancement (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔First Bipolar Dimension: pursuit of one's ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
own interests and relative success/ dominance over others (power, achievement)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. youll value geting an A over fighting for equal rights
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Openness to Change (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔Second Bipolar Dimension: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
independence of thought, action, and feelings/ readiness for change (stimulation, self- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
direction)
ex. value exploring, creativity, challenges over tradition
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Conservation (Schwartz) - correct answer✔✔Second Bipolar Dimension: order, self-restriction, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
preservation of the past, resistance to change (conformity, tradition, security)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. value tradition, religion over trying new things
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Schwartz's 10 Broad Values within 2 Dimensions - correct answer✔✔*Self-Transcendence* =
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1.Universalism 2.Benevolence. *Conservation* =3.Conformity 4.Tradition 5.Security *Self- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Enhancement* = 6.Power 7.Achievement 8.Hedonism(pleasure) *Openness to Change* ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
8,9.Stimulation 10. Self-Direction ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Application of Schwartz's Theory - correct answer✔✔-supported by research ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-predicts behavior ||\\//||
--
*helps managers better manage workers by predicting motives, reduces chances of conflict,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
determine whether values and goals are consistent* ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 Components of Attitudes - correct answer✔✔*Affective*(feelings/emotions)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*Cognitive* (beliefs/ideas) ||\\//||
*Behavioral* (intentions/expectations) ||\\//||
**all influence behavior
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cognitive Dissonance - correct answer✔✔psychological discomfort a person experiences
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when they simultaneously hold conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, emotions)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance - correct answer✔✔1. change attitude/conflicting
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
behavior 2. belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior 3. find elements that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
outweigh the dissonant ones ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 Determinants of Intention (predict/ influence intention and behavior) - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔1. attitude toward the behavior (favorable/unfavorable) 2. subjective norm ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(perceived social pressure) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. perceived behavioral control (easy/difficulty to perform)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Determinants of Intention in Practice - correct answer✔✔Consider: Donating Blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
