PSYC 210 Final Exam
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1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): holds that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind
and is heavily couched in emotion, that behavior is merely a surface characteristic, that is is important to analyze the
symbolic meanings of behavior, and that early experiences are important in development
2. Psychoanalytic Theory (Erikson): eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the
human life span; stages consist of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be
faced
3. Freud's Stages: Oral (0-1.5 yrs)
Anal (1.5-3 yrs)
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Latency (6-puberty)
Genital (puberty+)
4. Erikson's Stages: Trust vs Mistrust (first yr)
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs)
Investigative vs Guilt (3-5 yrs)
Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20 yrs)
Intimacy vs Isolation (20s, 30s)
Generativity vs Stagnation (40s, 50s)
Integrity vs Despair (60s+)
5. Cognitive Developmental Theory (Piaget): children construct their understanding of the world
and go through four stages of cognitive development
6. Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs): infant coordinates sensory experiences with physical actions
Preoperational (2-7 yrs): child represents world with words and images
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs): child reasons logically about concrete events; classifies objects into different sets
Formal Operational (11+): adolescent reasons in abstract, idealistic, & logical ways
7. Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Vygotsky): emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide
cognitive development
8. Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner): focuses on five environmental systems: micro, meso, exo,
macro, chrono
9. Ethological Theory: emphasizes that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, & is
characterized by critical and sensitive periods
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, PSYC 210 Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsxx8u
10. Eclectic Theoretical Orientation: an approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best
in many theories
11. Life-Span Perspective: development is lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contex-
tual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation, and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, & individual
factors working together
12. Prenatal Period: conception to birth; tremendous growth: single cell to complete organism
13. Infancy: birth to 18-24 months; extreme dependency on adults; psychological activities (language, symbolic
thought, sensorimotor coordination, social learning) are beginning
14. Early Childhood: end of infancy to 5-6; "preschool years"; young children learn to become more self-suffi-
cient; spend time playing and developing school readiness skills
15. Middle and Late Childhood: 6 to 11; fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are
mastered; child is formally exposed to the world outside the family and to the prevailing culture; achievement becomes
a more central theme; increased self-control
16. Adolescence: childhood to early adulthood, 10-12 to 18-22; rapid physical changes; pursuit of independence
and identity are prominent; thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic
17. Early Adulthood: late teens-early twenties to early thirties; time for establishing personal and economic
independence, career development, selecting a mate, starting a family, rearing children
18. Middle Adulthood: forties to sixties; time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility;
of assisting the next generation in becoming competent, mature individuals; of reaching and maintaining satisfaction
in a career
19. Late Adulthood: sixties-seventies to death; life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles
involving decreasing strength and health
20. Mitosis: Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each
containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
21. Meiosis: a specialized form of a cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes)
22. Fertilization: when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote; parents contribute half of
the offspring's genetic material
23. Sources of Variability: increased by combining the genes of two parents in their offspring; provides more
characteristics on which natural selection can operate
24. Mutated Gene: a permanently altered segment of DNA produced by chance, a mistake by cellular machinery,
or damage from an environmental agent
25. Genotype: a person's genetic heritage
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Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsxx8u
1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): holds that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind
and is heavily couched in emotion, that behavior is merely a surface characteristic, that is is important to analyze the
symbolic meanings of behavior, and that early experiences are important in development
2. Psychoanalytic Theory (Erikson): eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the
human life span; stages consist of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be
faced
3. Freud's Stages: Oral (0-1.5 yrs)
Anal (1.5-3 yrs)
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Latency (6-puberty)
Genital (puberty+)
4. Erikson's Stages: Trust vs Mistrust (first yr)
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs)
Investigative vs Guilt (3-5 yrs)
Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20 yrs)
Intimacy vs Isolation (20s, 30s)
Generativity vs Stagnation (40s, 50s)
Integrity vs Despair (60s+)
5. Cognitive Developmental Theory (Piaget): children construct their understanding of the world
and go through four stages of cognitive development
6. Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs): infant coordinates sensory experiences with physical actions
Preoperational (2-7 yrs): child represents world with words and images
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs): child reasons logically about concrete events; classifies objects into different sets
Formal Operational (11+): adolescent reasons in abstract, idealistic, & logical ways
7. Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Vygotsky): emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide
cognitive development
8. Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner): focuses on five environmental systems: micro, meso, exo,
macro, chrono
9. Ethological Theory: emphasizes that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, & is
characterized by critical and sensitive periods
1/6
, PSYC 210 Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsxx8u
10. Eclectic Theoretical Orientation: an approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best
in many theories
11. Life-Span Perspective: development is lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contex-
tual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation, and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, & individual
factors working together
12. Prenatal Period: conception to birth; tremendous growth: single cell to complete organism
13. Infancy: birth to 18-24 months; extreme dependency on adults; psychological activities (language, symbolic
thought, sensorimotor coordination, social learning) are beginning
14. Early Childhood: end of infancy to 5-6; "preschool years"; young children learn to become more self-suffi-
cient; spend time playing and developing school readiness skills
15. Middle and Late Childhood: 6 to 11; fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are
mastered; child is formally exposed to the world outside the family and to the prevailing culture; achievement becomes
a more central theme; increased self-control
16. Adolescence: childhood to early adulthood, 10-12 to 18-22; rapid physical changes; pursuit of independence
and identity are prominent; thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic
17. Early Adulthood: late teens-early twenties to early thirties; time for establishing personal and economic
independence, career development, selecting a mate, starting a family, rearing children
18. Middle Adulthood: forties to sixties; time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility;
of assisting the next generation in becoming competent, mature individuals; of reaching and maintaining satisfaction
in a career
19. Late Adulthood: sixties-seventies to death; life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles
involving decreasing strength and health
20. Mitosis: Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each
containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
21. Meiosis: a specialized form of a cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes)
22. Fertilization: when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote; parents contribute half of
the offspring's genetic material
23. Sources of Variability: increased by combining the genes of two parents in their offspring; provides more
characteristics on which natural selection can operate
24. Mutated Gene: a permanently altered segment of DNA produced by chance, a mistake by cellular machinery,
or damage from an environmental agent
25. Genotype: a person's genetic heritage
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