NUR 2392 MDC 2 EXAM 1 – Questions With
Proven Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (230)
Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the
Benign cells
wrong time
o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
Benign Cell Features o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar healthy cell
to a
o Skin Tag
o Mole
Examples of Benign cells o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
Malignant cells
tissues and result in death
, o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
Malignant cell features o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
Seven warning signs of
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
cancer
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
o Initiation
Cancer development o Promotion
stages of malignancy o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
malignancy)
Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant
Promotion
cells
Progression Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogen cancer development
esis
o Grading
o Ploidy
Cancer classification o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
, Looking under microscope and determine
level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal
Grading cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy Number of chromosomes
How large is the primary tumor and how far has it
Staging
spread
o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by
TNM
cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Period of time required for that quantity to double in
Doubling time and size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
mitotic index o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
Cancer prevention
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
primary
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
o Mammogram
Cancer prevention
o Pap smear
secondary
o Prostate test
People who are already affected and getting
treatment (examples below)
Cancer prevention
o Chemo
tertiary
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma,
Types of cancers
leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer
, Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia white blood cell tumor
malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal
Blastoma
tissue
o CBC
o Blood protein testing
Lab Diagnostic Tests
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
Imaging Diagnostic Tests
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
Endoscopy Diagnostic o Laparoscopy
Tests o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
o Thoracoscopy
o Upper Endoscopy
o Breast biopsy
Biopsy Diagnostic Tests o Bone marrow biopsy
o Organ/tissue specific
o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.
o Using tobacco.
o Obesity.
o Alcohol.
Risk factors
o Some types of viral infections(HPV)
o Specific chemicals.
o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
Proven Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (230)
Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the
Benign cells
wrong time
o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
Benign Cell Features o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar healthy cell
to a
o Skin Tag
o Mole
Examples of Benign cells o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
Malignant cells
tissues and result in death
, o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
Malignant cell features o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
Seven warning signs of
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
cancer
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
o Initiation
Cancer development o Promotion
stages of malignancy o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
malignancy)
Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant
Promotion
cells
Progression Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogen cancer development
esis
o Grading
o Ploidy
Cancer classification o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
, Looking under microscope and determine
level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal
Grading cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy Number of chromosomes
How large is the primary tumor and how far has it
Staging
spread
o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by
TNM
cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Period of time required for that quantity to double in
Doubling time and size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
mitotic index o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
Cancer prevention
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
primary
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
o Mammogram
Cancer prevention
o Pap smear
secondary
o Prostate test
People who are already affected and getting
treatment (examples below)
Cancer prevention
o Chemo
tertiary
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma,
Types of cancers
leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer
, Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia white blood cell tumor
malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal
Blastoma
tissue
o CBC
o Blood protein testing
Lab Diagnostic Tests
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
Imaging Diagnostic Tests
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
Endoscopy Diagnostic o Laparoscopy
Tests o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
o Thoracoscopy
o Upper Endoscopy
o Breast biopsy
Biopsy Diagnostic Tests o Bone marrow biopsy
o Organ/tissue specific
o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.
o Using tobacco.
o Obesity.
o Alcohol.
Risk factors
o Some types of viral infections(HPV)
o Specific chemicals.
o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
