Pathogenic Microbiology Final Review Exam with ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
verified detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Identify six important ways the lifespan of antimicrobial drugs can be extended for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
healthcare use - correct answer✔✔The useful lifespan of drugs can be increased by: optimal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
use of all antimicrobial drugs; greater specificity in antimicrobial use utilizing sensitivity and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
susceptibility testing prior to prescription, selective use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
restricted use of certain classes of antibiotic; rotation or cyclical use; combination therapy;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
evaluation of the mechanisms of resistance; and the implementation of global changes in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
antimicrobial use ||\\//||
Why is selective toxicity particularly problematic when developing antimicrobials to treat viral
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
infections? - correct answer✔✔• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
dependent on the host cell for replication. Although drugs blocking protein and nucleic acid ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
synthesis would inhibit the survival of viruses, they would also inhibit the survival of non-
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infected cells and cause systemic toxicity. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain how global warming could affect the spread of infectious diseases - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔• Climate is a factor that affects the disease transmission process. Warm climates ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
provide longer periods for vectors such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks to persist, providing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
greater opportunity for biological vector transmission of disease. In addition, the type and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
variety of organisms in different geographical locations would be affected by global warming
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The Human Microbiome Project seeks to identify all of the normal microbiota of the human
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
body (known and unknown of bacterial, viral and fungal origin). What "diagnostic method"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
discussed in class would best be suited for this project and explain why this method is better
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
than others in this case - correct answer✔✔• Next Gen sequencing. It is able to examine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
vast DNA sequences, even of unknown bacteria. It can also sequence the genome of bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that are not culturable. Sanger sequencing requires some knowledge of the sequence as
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
does microarray. ||\\//||
,What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Innate immune responses are initiated almost immediately after infection, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
whereas adaptive immunity takes longer to develop. Innate immunity uses generalized and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens. Examples of these are the receptors on ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phagocytes that recognize surface molecules shared by many different pathogens and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulate phagocytosis, and serum proteins such as complement. Innate immunity is often ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
unable to eradicate the pathogen completely, and even when it does, it does not produce
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
immunity to reinfection. An adaptive immune response, in contrast, involves specific ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
recognition of the particular pathogen by highly specific receptor on a subset of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lymphocytes, which are selected from a pool of millions of lymphocytes each bearing ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
receptors specific for different molecules. Adaptive immunity is often powerful enough to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
eradicate the infection and provides long-term protective immunity through immunological ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memory.
Describe the differences between the Gram +, Gram -, and acid fast bacterial cell walls and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how these differences affect the growth of acid fast bacteria in particular. (A picture showing
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the differences is acceptable for the first part of the question.) - correct answer✔✔Gram +
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with embeded teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. Gram
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- bacteria have a small peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with LPS on the outer
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leaflet. Acid fast bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and mycolic acid wax coating.
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The wax coating on acid fast bacteria slows the transport of essential nutrients and results in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
slower growth for these bacteria.
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Where did the Hantavirus originate and how is it transmitted to humans? Explain the factors
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that contributed to the outbreak of Hantavirus in the southwestern region of the USA in
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1993. - correct answer✔✔The Hantavirus originated in rodent populations in South America
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and spread to rodents in the southwestern region of the United States. The virus is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
transmitted through rodent excrement which, when inhaled by humans, causes acute ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
respiratory disease. The 1993 outbreak of Hantavirus in southwestern USA occurred due to a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
surge in the deer mouse population that harbored the virus. The population increase was
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linked to a surplus of pine nuts, a staple food for deer mice, in that season and a
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subsequent increase in human exposure to rodent feces. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain how the incubation period can influence the spread of an infectious agent.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,A) An infectious carrier will only spread the illness when they are showing acute symptoms.
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As such, the length of incubation period is not important for spreading the illness.
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B) Depending on the microbe and the illness, an asymptomatic carrier in the incubation
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period might be shedding infectious microbes to his/her surroundings. In such a case, a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
longer incubation period would lead to a greater spread of the disease as the carrier comes
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into contact with more individuals while he/she is generally appearing to be healthy.
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C) A very short incubation period will place a patient into the highly infectious active disease
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state sooner. Since people avoid contact with actively ill individuals, a very short incubation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
period will always lead to a DECREASE in the spread of an infectious disease.
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D) A very long incubation period will place a - correct answer✔✔B
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In July 9, 2009 about 2% of patients visiting emergency rooms had influenza. This number
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rose until in October of that year, when 10% had influenza. This was probably a(n)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A. Superinfection
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B. Sporadic outbreak
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C. Index case
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D. Opportunistic outbreak
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E. Epidemic - correct answer✔✔E
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All of the following target the bacterial ribosomal except
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A) Chloramphenicol
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B) Erythromycin
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C) Spectinomycin
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D) Streptomycin
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E) Teicoplanin - correct answer✔✔E
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Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A) S. aureus.
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, B) S. epidermidis.
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C) M. luteus.
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D) M. tuberculosis. - correct answer✔✔D
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In what clinical situation is it most appropriate to use a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A) In a case of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Since this microbe can be resistant to
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several types of drugs, we want to use one that has the broadest spectrum possible to treat
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this microbe-specific infection.
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B) In a case of bacterial meningitis. The infection spreads so quickly that we must treat it
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with an antibacterial drug as quickly as possible. We don't have time to determine which
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drug will work best, because the patient will die in the meantime.
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C) In a case of viral meningitis. The infection spreads so quickly that we must treat it with an
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antibacterial drug as quickly as possible. We don't have time to determine which drug will
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
work best, because the patient will die in the meantime.
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D) In an example of a pediatric otitis media (middle ear) infection. We can't properly test for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the specific drug that would best - correct answer✔✔B
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Cholera toxin ||\\//||
A) ADP-ribosylates cAMP, which as a result cannot activate protein kinase A.
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B) ADP-ribosylates a G-protein, which as a result constantly activates adenylate cyclase.
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C) ADP-ribosylates protein kinase A, inhibiting its function.
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D) is a protease that cleaves host-cell proteins. - correct answer✔✔B
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the five main targets for antibacterial drugs? - correct answer✔✔Cell wall
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
synthesis, Cell membranes, Protein synthesis, Nucleic acid synthesis, Metabolic pathways ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(Folic Acid) ||\\//||
Dideoxynucleotides
A) have two additional hydroxyl groups at the 2' and 3' carbons.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
verified detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Identify six important ways the lifespan of antimicrobial drugs can be extended for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
healthcare use - correct answer✔✔The useful lifespan of drugs can be increased by: optimal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
use of all antimicrobial drugs; greater specificity in antimicrobial use utilizing sensitivity and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
susceptibility testing prior to prescription, selective use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
restricted use of certain classes of antibiotic; rotation or cyclical use; combination therapy;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
evaluation of the mechanisms of resistance; and the implementation of global changes in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
antimicrobial use ||\\//||
Why is selective toxicity particularly problematic when developing antimicrobials to treat viral
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
infections? - correct answer✔✔• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
dependent on the host cell for replication. Although drugs blocking protein and nucleic acid ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
synthesis would inhibit the survival of viruses, they would also inhibit the survival of non-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
infected cells and cause systemic toxicity. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain how global warming could affect the spread of infectious diseases - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔• Climate is a factor that affects the disease transmission process. Warm climates ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
provide longer periods for vectors such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks to persist, providing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
greater opportunity for biological vector transmission of disease. In addition, the type and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
variety of organisms in different geographical locations would be affected by global warming
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The Human Microbiome Project seeks to identify all of the normal microbiota of the human
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
body (known and unknown of bacterial, viral and fungal origin). What "diagnostic method"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
discussed in class would best be suited for this project and explain why this method is better
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
than others in this case - correct answer✔✔• Next Gen sequencing. It is able to examine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
vast DNA sequences, even of unknown bacteria. It can also sequence the genome of bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that are not culturable. Sanger sequencing requires some knowledge of the sequence as
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
does microarray. ||\\//||
,What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? - correct
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answer✔✔Innate immune responses are initiated almost immediately after infection, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
whereas adaptive immunity takes longer to develop. Innate immunity uses generalized and
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invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens. Examples of these are the receptors on ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phagocytes that recognize surface molecules shared by many different pathogens and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulate phagocytosis, and serum proteins such as complement. Innate immunity is often ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
unable to eradicate the pathogen completely, and even when it does, it does not produce
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immunity to reinfection. An adaptive immune response, in contrast, involves specific ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
recognition of the particular pathogen by highly specific receptor on a subset of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lymphocytes, which are selected from a pool of millions of lymphocytes each bearing ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
receptors specific for different molecules. Adaptive immunity is often powerful enough to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
eradicate the infection and provides long-term protective immunity through immunological ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memory.
Describe the differences between the Gram +, Gram -, and acid fast bacterial cell walls and
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how these differences affect the growth of acid fast bacteria in particular. (A picture showing
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the differences is acceptable for the first part of the question.) - correct answer✔✔Gram +
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bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with embeded teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. Gram
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- bacteria have a small peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with LPS on the outer
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leaflet. Acid fast bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and mycolic acid wax coating.
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The wax coating on acid fast bacteria slows the transport of essential nutrients and results in
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slower growth for these bacteria.
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Where did the Hantavirus originate and how is it transmitted to humans? Explain the factors
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that contributed to the outbreak of Hantavirus in the southwestern region of the USA in
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1993. - correct answer✔✔The Hantavirus originated in rodent populations in South America
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and spread to rodents in the southwestern region of the United States. The virus is
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transmitted through rodent excrement which, when inhaled by humans, causes acute ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
respiratory disease. The 1993 outbreak of Hantavirus in southwestern USA occurred due to a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
surge in the deer mouse population that harbored the virus. The population increase was
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linked to a surplus of pine nuts, a staple food for deer mice, in that season and a
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subsequent increase in human exposure to rodent feces. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain how the incubation period can influence the spread of an infectious agent.
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,A) An infectious carrier will only spread the illness when they are showing acute symptoms.
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As such, the length of incubation period is not important for spreading the illness.
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B) Depending on the microbe and the illness, an asymptomatic carrier in the incubation
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period might be shedding infectious microbes to his/her surroundings. In such a case, a
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longer incubation period would lead to a greater spread of the disease as the carrier comes
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into contact with more individuals while he/she is generally appearing to be healthy.
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C) A very short incubation period will place a patient into the highly infectious active disease
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state sooner. Since people avoid contact with actively ill individuals, a very short incubation
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period will always lead to a DECREASE in the spread of an infectious disease.
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D) A very long incubation period will place a - correct answer✔✔B
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In July 9, 2009 about 2% of patients visiting emergency rooms had influenza. This number
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rose until in October of that year, when 10% had influenza. This was probably a(n)
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A. Superinfection
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B. Sporadic outbreak
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C. Index case
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D. Opportunistic outbreak
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E. Epidemic - correct answer✔✔E
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All of the following target the bacterial ribosomal except
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A) Chloramphenicol
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B) Erythromycin
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C) Spectinomycin
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D) Streptomycin
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E) Teicoplanin - correct answer✔✔E
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Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A) S. aureus.
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, B) S. epidermidis.
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C) M. luteus.
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D) M. tuberculosis. - correct answer✔✔D
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In what clinical situation is it most appropriate to use a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
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A) In a case of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Since this microbe can be resistant to
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several types of drugs, we want to use one that has the broadest spectrum possible to treat
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this microbe-specific infection.
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B) In a case of bacterial meningitis. The infection spreads so quickly that we must treat it
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with an antibacterial drug as quickly as possible. We don't have time to determine which
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drug will work best, because the patient will die in the meantime.
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C) In a case of viral meningitis. The infection spreads so quickly that we must treat it with an
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antibacterial drug as quickly as possible. We don't have time to determine which drug will
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work best, because the patient will die in the meantime.
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D) In an example of a pediatric otitis media (middle ear) infection. We can't properly test for
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the specific drug that would best - correct answer✔✔B
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Cholera toxin ||\\//||
A) ADP-ribosylates cAMP, which as a result cannot activate protein kinase A.
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B) ADP-ribosylates a G-protein, which as a result constantly activates adenylate cyclase.
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C) ADP-ribosylates protein kinase A, inhibiting its function.
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D) is a protease that cleaves host-cell proteins. - correct answer✔✔B
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What are the five main targets for antibacterial drugs? - correct answer✔✔Cell wall
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synthesis, Cell membranes, Protein synthesis, Nucleic acid synthesis, Metabolic pathways ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(Folic Acid) ||\\//||
Dideoxynucleotides
A) have two additional hydroxyl groups at the 2' and 3' carbons.
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