NURS 3335 MANUAL TEST 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔Proteinuria - ✔✔The presence of protein in the urine, which can indicate reduced
oncotic pressure.
✔✔Interstitial fluid pressure - ✔✔It opposes the movement of fluid out of the capillaries,
helping regulate fluid exchange between blood and tissues.
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔Part of the brain primarily responsible for the regulation of body
water.
✔✔Aquaporins - ✔✔Proteins that form 'pores' in the membrane of biological cells to
facilitate transport of H2O between cells, also called 'water channels'.
✔✔Retain - ✔✔Low sodium levels can trigger aldosterone secretion to retain Na+ or
excrete Na+ to restore balance.
✔✔Thirst - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Dry mouth/mucous membranes/skin - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Tachycardia - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Decreased urine output/concentrated urine - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Patient population most prone to dehydration - ✔✔1. Elderly 2. Infants with fever 3.
Mentally ill or demented.
✔✔Body fluid purposes - ✔✔1. Regulate chemical reactions 2. Protects vital organs 3.
Lubricate joints and membranes 4. Eliminate waste products.
✔✔Natriuretic peptides - ✔✔They decrease sodium and water retention.
✔✔Manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔Confusion/apprehension, HA, seizures,
tremors/muscle weakness, dry mucous membranes, irritability, postural hypotension,
nausea and vomiting.
✔✔Kidneys - ✔✔Organ responsible to maintain balance when potassium (K+) is in an
imbalance.
,✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔Released when there is decreased perfusion to the kidneys to
regulate body water and maintain blood pressure.
✔✔Diuretic effect on aldosterone - ✔✔Diuretics reduce the activity of aldosterone, a
hormone that promotes sodium and water retention.
✔✔Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys,
reducing urine output to conserve body water.
✔✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - ✔✔Activated in response to low
blood pressure or blood volume, it increases sodium and water reabsorption in the
kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔When the body experiences a low serum potassium level,
intracellular potassium migrates into the extracellular space to maintain serum
concentration for proper cellular function.
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by elevated phosphorus levels
in the blood, often due to chronic kidney disease.
✔✔Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by low phosphorus levels in the
blood, which can occur in malnourished patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease - ✔✔A long-term condition where the kidneys do not
function effectively, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body.
✔✔Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) - ✔✔A method of feeding that bypasses the
gastrointestinal tract, providing nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
✔✔Refeeding Syndrome - ✔✔A potentially fatal condition that can occur when feeding
is restarted in malnourished patients, leading to electrolyte imbalances.
✔✔Tumor Lysis Syndrome - ✔✔A condition that occurs when cancer cells break down
rapidly, releasing their contents into the bloodstream, which can lead to metabolic
abnormalities.
✔✔Calcium Acetate - ✔✔A phosphate binder used to manage hyperphosphatemia in
patients with end-stage renal disease.
✔✔Arrhythmias - ✔✔Abnormal heart rhythms that can occur due to electrolyte
imbalances, such as hypophosphatemia.
✔✔Peaked T Waves - ✔✔An ECG finding characteristic of hyperkalemia, indicating
high potassium levels.
, ✔✔Muscle Weakness and Leg Cramps - ✔✔Neuromuscular manifestations that can
occur in patients with hypokalemia.
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by elevated potassium levels in the
blood, which can affect cardiac function.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood,
leading to neuromuscular dysfunction.
✔✔Dietary Instruction for Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Patients should avoid foods high in
phosphorus, such as processed meats and soft drinks.
✔✔Dietary Instruction for Hypokalemia - ✔✔Patients should limit intake of leafy green
vegetables and potatoes, which are high in potassium.
✔✔Serum Phosphate Level - ✔✔A measurement of phosphate in the blood, with
normal levels typically ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL.
✔✔Potassium Level of 6.2 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates hyperkalemia, which can be identified
by peaked T waves on an ECG.
✔✔Potassium Level of 3.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates hypokalemia, which can lead to muscle
weakness and leg cramps.
✔✔Potassium Level of 5.8 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates a need for dietary restrictions to
prevent hyperkalemia.
✔✔Potassium Level of 2.9 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates severe hypokalemia, requiring
monitoring for cardiac changes.
✔✔Cardiovascular Complications of Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Can include arrhythmias
and weak contractility due to impaired cellular energy production.
✔✔Best Time to Take Calcium Acetate - ✔✔With meals to bind dietary phosphorus.
✔✔Electrolyte Imbalance in Chemotherapy Patients - ✔✔Hypocalcemia is likely present
in patients with elevated phosphate levels due to tumor lysis syndrome.
✔✔Phosphorus Level of 1.8 mg/dL - ✔✔Indicates hypophosphatemia, which can lead to
cardiovascular complications.
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔Proteinuria - ✔✔The presence of protein in the urine, which can indicate reduced
oncotic pressure.
✔✔Interstitial fluid pressure - ✔✔It opposes the movement of fluid out of the capillaries,
helping regulate fluid exchange between blood and tissues.
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔Part of the brain primarily responsible for the regulation of body
water.
✔✔Aquaporins - ✔✔Proteins that form 'pores' in the membrane of biological cells to
facilitate transport of H2O between cells, also called 'water channels'.
✔✔Retain - ✔✔Low sodium levels can trigger aldosterone secretion to retain Na+ or
excrete Na+ to restore balance.
✔✔Thirst - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Dry mouth/mucous membranes/skin - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Tachycardia - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Decreased urine output/concentrated urine - ✔✔A manifestation of dehydration.
✔✔Patient population most prone to dehydration - ✔✔1. Elderly 2. Infants with fever 3.
Mentally ill or demented.
✔✔Body fluid purposes - ✔✔1. Regulate chemical reactions 2. Protects vital organs 3.
Lubricate joints and membranes 4. Eliminate waste products.
✔✔Natriuretic peptides - ✔✔They decrease sodium and water retention.
✔✔Manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔Confusion/apprehension, HA, seizures,
tremors/muscle weakness, dry mucous membranes, irritability, postural hypotension,
nausea and vomiting.
✔✔Kidneys - ✔✔Organ responsible to maintain balance when potassium (K+) is in an
imbalance.
,✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔Released when there is decreased perfusion to the kidneys to
regulate body water and maintain blood pressure.
✔✔Diuretic effect on aldosterone - ✔✔Diuretics reduce the activity of aldosterone, a
hormone that promotes sodium and water retention.
✔✔Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys,
reducing urine output to conserve body water.
✔✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - ✔✔Activated in response to low
blood pressure or blood volume, it increases sodium and water reabsorption in the
kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔When the body experiences a low serum potassium level,
intracellular potassium migrates into the extracellular space to maintain serum
concentration for proper cellular function.
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by elevated phosphorus levels
in the blood, often due to chronic kidney disease.
✔✔Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by low phosphorus levels in the
blood, which can occur in malnourished patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease - ✔✔A long-term condition where the kidneys do not
function effectively, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body.
✔✔Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) - ✔✔A method of feeding that bypasses the
gastrointestinal tract, providing nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
✔✔Refeeding Syndrome - ✔✔A potentially fatal condition that can occur when feeding
is restarted in malnourished patients, leading to electrolyte imbalances.
✔✔Tumor Lysis Syndrome - ✔✔A condition that occurs when cancer cells break down
rapidly, releasing their contents into the bloodstream, which can lead to metabolic
abnormalities.
✔✔Calcium Acetate - ✔✔A phosphate binder used to manage hyperphosphatemia in
patients with end-stage renal disease.
✔✔Arrhythmias - ✔✔Abnormal heart rhythms that can occur due to electrolyte
imbalances, such as hypophosphatemia.
✔✔Peaked T Waves - ✔✔An ECG finding characteristic of hyperkalemia, indicating
high potassium levels.
, ✔✔Muscle Weakness and Leg Cramps - ✔✔Neuromuscular manifestations that can
occur in patients with hypokalemia.
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by elevated potassium levels in the
blood, which can affect cardiac function.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood,
leading to neuromuscular dysfunction.
✔✔Dietary Instruction for Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Patients should avoid foods high in
phosphorus, such as processed meats and soft drinks.
✔✔Dietary Instruction for Hypokalemia - ✔✔Patients should limit intake of leafy green
vegetables and potatoes, which are high in potassium.
✔✔Serum Phosphate Level - ✔✔A measurement of phosphate in the blood, with
normal levels typically ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL.
✔✔Potassium Level of 6.2 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates hyperkalemia, which can be identified
by peaked T waves on an ECG.
✔✔Potassium Level of 3.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates hypokalemia, which can lead to muscle
weakness and leg cramps.
✔✔Potassium Level of 5.8 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates a need for dietary restrictions to
prevent hyperkalemia.
✔✔Potassium Level of 2.9 mEq/L - ✔✔Indicates severe hypokalemia, requiring
monitoring for cardiac changes.
✔✔Cardiovascular Complications of Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Can include arrhythmias
and weak contractility due to impaired cellular energy production.
✔✔Best Time to Take Calcium Acetate - ✔✔With meals to bind dietary phosphorus.
✔✔Electrolyte Imbalance in Chemotherapy Patients - ✔✔Hypocalcemia is likely present
in patients with elevated phosphate levels due to tumor lysis syndrome.
✔✔Phosphorus Level of 1.8 mg/dL - ✔✔Indicates hypophosphatemia, which can lead to
cardiovascular complications.
