Criminological Theory Final Exam and
Actual Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
Social Interactions (--> & <--) - Answer definitions of situations and self-conception
T or F: through social interactions w/ others, you can come to learn definitions of situations and
these determine whether you engage in criminal behavior or not - Answer true
Primary Deviance - Answer deviant behavior that does NOT result from social reactions
T or F: people that engage in primary deviance do not have a deviant self-conception - Answer
true
what are the sources of primary deviance? - Answer biological trait
psychological trait
social factor OTHER than social reactions to prior deviant behavior
a person who engages in a deviant lifestyle's first act of deviance are primary or secondary
deviance? - Answer primary
the amount of harm cause by a primary act of deviance is what? - Answer minor
Secondary Deviance - Answer deviant behavior that results from social reactions to prior
deviant behavior
labeling theorists primarily work with what type of deviance? - Answer secondary
T of F: a person who engages in secondary deviance typically see's self as deviant - Answer
true
a person of secondary deviance has undergone what process? - Answer labeling process
, Howard Becker defines Deviant Behavior as...? - Answer "deviant behavior is behavior that
people so label."
Becker states that any behavior can be deviant/criminal behavior, what matters is the ____. -
Answer application of the label
Becker defines a Deviant Person as...? - Answer "the deviant is one to whom that label has
successfully be applied."
Rule Creators - Answer people who label behaviors as deviant (people who make the laws)
Types of Rule Creators - Answer -Self-Interested: trying to get law created to serve self
purpose
-Experts: formation of some rules, experts of something
-Moral Crusaders/Crusading Reformers: a typical rule create, most of our rules are from their
work & believe what they're doing is the best interest of society
what is the interest/goal of moral crusaders? - Answer to rid society of some "evil"
(Green Peace, Pro-Life, Gun Control Advocates)
Rule Enforcers - Answer people who label other people as deviant (people who enforce laws)
an example of a rule enforcer is? - Answer Police
Interests of Rule Enforcers - Answer eliminate "evil", job security, respect
Key thing for the interests of rule enforcers? - Answer it isn't just ONE thing
whats is scope of deviance research main point? - Answer when focusing on the application of
labeling in finding whats deviant, you have to look at the people who create/enforce it
Deviants - Answer people who have been labeled deviant
Actual Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
Social Interactions (--> & <--) - Answer definitions of situations and self-conception
T or F: through social interactions w/ others, you can come to learn definitions of situations and
these determine whether you engage in criminal behavior or not - Answer true
Primary Deviance - Answer deviant behavior that does NOT result from social reactions
T or F: people that engage in primary deviance do not have a deviant self-conception - Answer
true
what are the sources of primary deviance? - Answer biological trait
psychological trait
social factor OTHER than social reactions to prior deviant behavior
a person who engages in a deviant lifestyle's first act of deviance are primary or secondary
deviance? - Answer primary
the amount of harm cause by a primary act of deviance is what? - Answer minor
Secondary Deviance - Answer deviant behavior that results from social reactions to prior
deviant behavior
labeling theorists primarily work with what type of deviance? - Answer secondary
T of F: a person who engages in secondary deviance typically see's self as deviant - Answer
true
a person of secondary deviance has undergone what process? - Answer labeling process
, Howard Becker defines Deviant Behavior as...? - Answer "deviant behavior is behavior that
people so label."
Becker states that any behavior can be deviant/criminal behavior, what matters is the ____. -
Answer application of the label
Becker defines a Deviant Person as...? - Answer "the deviant is one to whom that label has
successfully be applied."
Rule Creators - Answer people who label behaviors as deviant (people who make the laws)
Types of Rule Creators - Answer -Self-Interested: trying to get law created to serve self
purpose
-Experts: formation of some rules, experts of something
-Moral Crusaders/Crusading Reformers: a typical rule create, most of our rules are from their
work & believe what they're doing is the best interest of society
what is the interest/goal of moral crusaders? - Answer to rid society of some "evil"
(Green Peace, Pro-Life, Gun Control Advocates)
Rule Enforcers - Answer people who label other people as deviant (people who enforce laws)
an example of a rule enforcer is? - Answer Police
Interests of Rule Enforcers - Answer eliminate "evil", job security, respect
Key thing for the interests of rule enforcers? - Answer it isn't just ONE thing
whats is scope of deviance research main point? - Answer when focusing on the application of
labeling in finding whats deviant, you have to look at the people who create/enforce it
Deviants - Answer people who have been labeled deviant
