BZ440 Midterm 2 EXAM Questions AND Correct Answers
active transport - ✔✔- non spontaneous and uphill movement of ions against
the gradient
- coupled with ATP hydrolysis
adequate concentration - ✔✔tissue concentration above the critical
concentration so growth doesn't increase even if concentration does
ammonia dissipates the proton gradient - ✔✔At high pH. NH4+ (ammonium)
reacts with OH-4 to produce NH3 (ammonia). NH3 is membrane permeable and
diffuses along its concentration gradient across the membrane. Here, the pH is
much lower (lumen, intermembrane space, or vacuole) and NH3 reacts with H+
to form NH4+ again
antenna complex - ✔✔pigmented molecules that cooperate to absorb/harvest
light energy and transfer it to a reaction center complex
arbuscular mycorrhizae - ✔✔penetrate epidermal layer and colonize the cortex
but do NOT penetrate the endodermic or stele
beneficial elements - ✔✔not essential but enhance growth and development
and the plant can still grow in its absence
bioremediation - ✔✔the process of using living organisms to clean up the
environment by neutralizing or removing contaminant
carriers - ✔✔- mediate simple or facilitated diffusion down the gradient
, - secondary active transport
- open/close, slower than channels, can saturate
- much less steep curve bc it follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics
channels - ✔✔- mediate simple or facilitated diffusion down the gradient
- fast transport, won't saturate
- steep exponential curve
chemical fertilizers - ✔✔uses inorganic salts with different rotation of NPK
based on what deficiency there is (fast response)
co-transport - ✔✔- transport of one molecule is coupled to the transport of
another
- includes antiporters and symporters
critical concentration - ✔✔tissue concentration of an element just below the
level that gives maximum growth
cyclic photophosphorylation - ✔✔-photophosphorylation involves only
photosystem I (PSI) and occurs when there is a surplus of ATP relative to NADPH
in the chloroplast.
- light energy absorbed by PSI is used to excite electrons, which are then
transferred back to PSI.
- As electrons move through the cyclic electron transport chain, they release
energy that is used to pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen,
generating a proton gradient.
active transport - ✔✔- non spontaneous and uphill movement of ions against
the gradient
- coupled with ATP hydrolysis
adequate concentration - ✔✔tissue concentration above the critical
concentration so growth doesn't increase even if concentration does
ammonia dissipates the proton gradient - ✔✔At high pH. NH4+ (ammonium)
reacts with OH-4 to produce NH3 (ammonia). NH3 is membrane permeable and
diffuses along its concentration gradient across the membrane. Here, the pH is
much lower (lumen, intermembrane space, or vacuole) and NH3 reacts with H+
to form NH4+ again
antenna complex - ✔✔pigmented molecules that cooperate to absorb/harvest
light energy and transfer it to a reaction center complex
arbuscular mycorrhizae - ✔✔penetrate epidermal layer and colonize the cortex
but do NOT penetrate the endodermic or stele
beneficial elements - ✔✔not essential but enhance growth and development
and the plant can still grow in its absence
bioremediation - ✔✔the process of using living organisms to clean up the
environment by neutralizing or removing contaminant
carriers - ✔✔- mediate simple or facilitated diffusion down the gradient
, - secondary active transport
- open/close, slower than channels, can saturate
- much less steep curve bc it follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics
channels - ✔✔- mediate simple or facilitated diffusion down the gradient
- fast transport, won't saturate
- steep exponential curve
chemical fertilizers - ✔✔uses inorganic salts with different rotation of NPK
based on what deficiency there is (fast response)
co-transport - ✔✔- transport of one molecule is coupled to the transport of
another
- includes antiporters and symporters
critical concentration - ✔✔tissue concentration of an element just below the
level that gives maximum growth
cyclic photophosphorylation - ✔✔-photophosphorylation involves only
photosystem I (PSI) and occurs when there is a surplus of ATP relative to NADPH
in the chloroplast.
- light energy absorbed by PSI is used to excite electrons, which are then
transferred back to PSI.
- As electrons move through the cyclic electron transport chain, they release
energy that is used to pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen,
generating a proton gradient.
