Pediatrics Final Exam Study Guide
Questions with Verified Answers 2025
Latest Update
1. Health Promotion
Focus on preventing diseases and enhancing well-being.
Nutrition: Encourage breastfeeding and introduce solids around 6 months.
Safety: Use car seats correctly, provide age-appropriate toys, and prevent choking hazards.
Developmental Milestones: Monitor physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
Immunizations: Follow CDC guidelines for vaccination schedules.
Hygiene: Educate on dental care and hygiene practices.
2. Illness Management
Acute Illness:
Ensure hydration and nutrition.
Monitor for fever and administer antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen as
prescribed.
Educate caregivers about signs of worsening conditions.
Chronic Conditions:
Provide tailored education and resources for long-term management.
Ensure compliance with medications and therapies.
Facilitate access to specialists and support groups.
3. Health Restoration
Support recovery from illness or surgery.
Key Interventions:
Promote rest and appropriate activity levels.
Maintain proper nutrition and hydration to support healing.
Encourage adherence to prescribed medications and therapies.
Use physical and occupational therapies for rehabilitation.
4. Physical Development Considerations
Infants (0–12 months):
Rapid growth in weight, height, and head circumference.
Fontanels close: Posterior at 2–3 months, anterior by 12–18 months.
Fine and gross motor skills progress rapidly (e.g., grasping objects, rolling, sitting,
walking).
Toddlers and Children:
Steady growth; monitor for developmental milestones.
Ensure age-appropriate nutrition and physical activity.
5. Infant Mortality
Leading Causes:
Congenital abnormalities.
Preterm birth complications.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis).
,Prevention Strategies:
Prenatal care and maternal health.
Safe sleep practices (back to sleep, no loose bedding).
Timely immunizations.
, Access to quality neonatal care.
6. Erikson's Stages
Infants (Birth–1 year): Trust vs. Mistrust
Develops trust when needs (feeding, comfort) are consistently met.
Mistrust arises with inconsistent care or neglect.
Toddlers (1–3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Gains independence and confidence when encouraged.
Doubt occurs if overly criticized or controlled.
7. Treatment for Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia:
Dietary Management: Encourage iron-rich foods (e.g., meat, fortified cereals, leafy greens).
Iron Supplements: Administer iron supplements with vitamin C to enhance absorption.
Monitor for side effects like constipation.
Sickle Cell Anemia:
Pain management with hydration and analgesics.
Blood transfusions if severe.
Prevent infections with prophylactic antibiotics and vaccinations.
Vitamin Deficiency Anemia:
Supplement vitamin B12 or folate as needed.
8. Injection Sites for Children
Intramuscular (IM):
Infants (up to 1 year): Vastus lateralis (thigh).
Toddlers (1–2 years): Vastus lateralis or deltoid (if muscle mass is sufficient).
Older Children (3–18 years): Deltoid or vastus lateralis.
Subcutaneous (SC):
Fatty tissue over the anterolateral thigh or upper arm.
9. HPV Vaccine Can Prevent
Prevention:
Cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Genital warts.
Schedule:
Administered starting at age 11–12 years.
Two doses for ages 9–14 years, three doses for ages 15–26 years or those with
compromised immune systems.
10. Immunization Teaching
Explain the importance of vaccines in preventing serious diseases.
Educate on the vaccination schedule and follow-ups.
Discuss common side effects (e.g., mild fever, swelling at injection site).
Reassure about vaccine safety and dispel myths.
Provide a vaccine information sheet (VIS) and encourage questions.
11. Most Common Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia:
Caused by insufficient iron to produce hemoglobin.
Questions with Verified Answers 2025
Latest Update
1. Health Promotion
Focus on preventing diseases and enhancing well-being.
Nutrition: Encourage breastfeeding and introduce solids around 6 months.
Safety: Use car seats correctly, provide age-appropriate toys, and prevent choking hazards.
Developmental Milestones: Monitor physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
Immunizations: Follow CDC guidelines for vaccination schedules.
Hygiene: Educate on dental care and hygiene practices.
2. Illness Management
Acute Illness:
Ensure hydration and nutrition.
Monitor for fever and administer antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen as
prescribed.
Educate caregivers about signs of worsening conditions.
Chronic Conditions:
Provide tailored education and resources for long-term management.
Ensure compliance with medications and therapies.
Facilitate access to specialists and support groups.
3. Health Restoration
Support recovery from illness or surgery.
Key Interventions:
Promote rest and appropriate activity levels.
Maintain proper nutrition and hydration to support healing.
Encourage adherence to prescribed medications and therapies.
Use physical and occupational therapies for rehabilitation.
4. Physical Development Considerations
Infants (0–12 months):
Rapid growth in weight, height, and head circumference.
Fontanels close: Posterior at 2–3 months, anterior by 12–18 months.
Fine and gross motor skills progress rapidly (e.g., grasping objects, rolling, sitting,
walking).
Toddlers and Children:
Steady growth; monitor for developmental milestones.
Ensure age-appropriate nutrition and physical activity.
5. Infant Mortality
Leading Causes:
Congenital abnormalities.
Preterm birth complications.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis).
,Prevention Strategies:
Prenatal care and maternal health.
Safe sleep practices (back to sleep, no loose bedding).
Timely immunizations.
, Access to quality neonatal care.
6. Erikson's Stages
Infants (Birth–1 year): Trust vs. Mistrust
Develops trust when needs (feeding, comfort) are consistently met.
Mistrust arises with inconsistent care or neglect.
Toddlers (1–3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Gains independence and confidence when encouraged.
Doubt occurs if overly criticized or controlled.
7. Treatment for Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia:
Dietary Management: Encourage iron-rich foods (e.g., meat, fortified cereals, leafy greens).
Iron Supplements: Administer iron supplements with vitamin C to enhance absorption.
Monitor for side effects like constipation.
Sickle Cell Anemia:
Pain management with hydration and analgesics.
Blood transfusions if severe.
Prevent infections with prophylactic antibiotics and vaccinations.
Vitamin Deficiency Anemia:
Supplement vitamin B12 or folate as needed.
8. Injection Sites for Children
Intramuscular (IM):
Infants (up to 1 year): Vastus lateralis (thigh).
Toddlers (1–2 years): Vastus lateralis or deltoid (if muscle mass is sufficient).
Older Children (3–18 years): Deltoid or vastus lateralis.
Subcutaneous (SC):
Fatty tissue over the anterolateral thigh or upper arm.
9. HPV Vaccine Can Prevent
Prevention:
Cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Genital warts.
Schedule:
Administered starting at age 11–12 years.
Two doses for ages 9–14 years, three doses for ages 15–26 years or those with
compromised immune systems.
10. Immunization Teaching
Explain the importance of vaccines in preventing serious diseases.
Educate on the vaccination schedule and follow-ups.
Discuss common side effects (e.g., mild fever, swelling at injection site).
Reassure about vaccine safety and dispel myths.
Provide a vaccine information sheet (VIS) and encourage questions.
11. Most Common Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia:
Caused by insufficient iron to produce hemoglobin.
