BIOL 2200 Exam #2 Questions With Correct
Answers
Biodiversity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |variability |among |living |organisms |from |all |sources |
and |the |ecological |complexes |of |which |they |are |part; |includes |diversity |within |and |among |
species |and |ecosystems
-Prokaryotes |are |so |important |to |the |biosphere |that |if |they |were |to |disappear, |the |prospects |
of |survival |for |many |other |species |would |be |dim
Why |study |biodiversity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--To |understand |evolution |of |life |
-To |appreciate |nature |
-To |assess |its |economic |value |
-To |see |the |larger |impact |of |humans |on |the |earth
There |are |millions |to |trillions |of |microbial |species |but |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Less |than |1% |
have |been |described
The |first |organisms |to |inhabit |earth |were |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-3.5 |billion |years
|ago
most |prokaryotes |are |unicellular, |have |small |diameters, |and |are |1 |of |3 |common |shapes |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Cocci: |spherical |
o |Bacilli: |rod-shaped
o |Spiral: |spirilla, |spirochetes
External |prokaryote |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--cell |wall
-fimbraie |
,-capsule |
-pili
-flagella
Cell |wall |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Maintains |cell |shape, |protects |the |cell, |and |prevents |it |from |
bursting |in |a |hypotonic |environment
-bacterial |cell |walls |contain |peptidoglycan: |a |polymer |composed |of |modified |sugars |cross-
linked |by |short |polypeptides |
-archaea |cell |walls: |polysaccharides, |proteins |
-eukaryotic |cell |walls: |cellulose |or |chitin
plasmolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-In |a |hypertonic |environment, |prokaryotes |lose |water |and |
shrink |away |from |their |cell |wall
Fimbraie |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-stick |to |substrate |
hair-like |appendages |that |allow |prokaryotes |to |stick |to |their |substrate |or |to |one |another; |
usually |shorter |and |more |numerous |than |pili
Capsule |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-stick |to |substrate |
-sticky |layer |of |polysaccharide |or |protein |that |is |dense |and |well-defined |and |surrounds |cell |
wall |of |prokaryotes
-enables |prokaryotes |to |adhere |to |their |substrate |or |to |other |individuals, |protects |against |
dehydration, |and |shields |from |attacks |by |host's |immune |system
,pili |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-pulls |cells |together |for |conjunction |
appendages |that |pull |two |cells |together |prior |to |DNA |transfer |from |one |cell |to |the |other |
-Pili |aren't |always |there, |they |are |formed |during |conjugation |and |they |facilitate |the |movement
|of |DNA
flagella |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mobility |
-may |be |scattered |over |entire |surface |or |concentrated |at |ends
-composed |of |different |proteins
3 |main |parts |of |bacterial |flagella |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-motor, |hook, |and |filament
The |flagella |of |prokaryotes |and |eukaryotes |have |similar |functions, |but |different |origins, |this |
trait |is |therefore |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |homoplasy |and |due |to |convergent |evolution |
-analogous |structures
Taxis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |directed |movement |toward |or |away |from |a |stimulus |
-Positive |chemotaxis: |move |toward |nutrients/oxygen
-Negative |chemotaxis: |move |away |from |a |toxic |substance
exaptation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-process |in |which |structures |originally |adapted |for |one |
function |take |on |new |functions |through |descent |with |modification
, Internal |prokaryote |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--aerobic
-photosynthetic
-chromosomes |
-plasmids
aerobic |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-respiratory |membrane |(like |mitochondria)
-NEED |oxygen
-help |with |the |production |of |energy
photosynthetic |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-thylakoid |membrane |(like |chloroplasts)
-cyanobacteria
chromosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-prokaryotes |have |circular |chromosomes, |contain |less |
DNA |than |eukaryotes
plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-small |rings |of |DNA |that |replicate |independently |from |
chromosomal |DNA
nucleoid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-location |of |prokaryote's |1 |chromosome, |region |of |cytoplasm
|not |enclosed |by |membrane
All |essential |functions |are |on |the |circular |chromosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-plasmids |on |
the |other |hand |aid |outside |of |those |metabolic |functions, |help |bacteria |adapt |to |new |
environments
Bacteria |and |Archaea |are |very |different |organisms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-they |are |in |
completely |different |kingdoms
Answers
Biodiversity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |variability |among |living |organisms |from |all |sources |
and |the |ecological |complexes |of |which |they |are |part; |includes |diversity |within |and |among |
species |and |ecosystems
-Prokaryotes |are |so |important |to |the |biosphere |that |if |they |were |to |disappear, |the |prospects |
of |survival |for |many |other |species |would |be |dim
Why |study |biodiversity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--To |understand |evolution |of |life |
-To |appreciate |nature |
-To |assess |its |economic |value |
-To |see |the |larger |impact |of |humans |on |the |earth
There |are |millions |to |trillions |of |microbial |species |but |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Less |than |1% |
have |been |described
The |first |organisms |to |inhabit |earth |were |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-3.5 |billion |years
|ago
most |prokaryotes |are |unicellular, |have |small |diameters, |and |are |1 |of |3 |common |shapes |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Cocci: |spherical |
o |Bacilli: |rod-shaped
o |Spiral: |spirilla, |spirochetes
External |prokaryote |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--cell |wall
-fimbraie |
,-capsule |
-pili
-flagella
Cell |wall |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Maintains |cell |shape, |protects |the |cell, |and |prevents |it |from |
bursting |in |a |hypotonic |environment
-bacterial |cell |walls |contain |peptidoglycan: |a |polymer |composed |of |modified |sugars |cross-
linked |by |short |polypeptides |
-archaea |cell |walls: |polysaccharides, |proteins |
-eukaryotic |cell |walls: |cellulose |or |chitin
plasmolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-In |a |hypertonic |environment, |prokaryotes |lose |water |and |
shrink |away |from |their |cell |wall
Fimbraie |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-stick |to |substrate |
hair-like |appendages |that |allow |prokaryotes |to |stick |to |their |substrate |or |to |one |another; |
usually |shorter |and |more |numerous |than |pili
Capsule |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-stick |to |substrate |
-sticky |layer |of |polysaccharide |or |protein |that |is |dense |and |well-defined |and |surrounds |cell |
wall |of |prokaryotes
-enables |prokaryotes |to |adhere |to |their |substrate |or |to |other |individuals, |protects |against |
dehydration, |and |shields |from |attacks |by |host's |immune |system
,pili |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-pulls |cells |together |for |conjunction |
appendages |that |pull |two |cells |together |prior |to |DNA |transfer |from |one |cell |to |the |other |
-Pili |aren't |always |there, |they |are |formed |during |conjugation |and |they |facilitate |the |movement
|of |DNA
flagella |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mobility |
-may |be |scattered |over |entire |surface |or |concentrated |at |ends
-composed |of |different |proteins
3 |main |parts |of |bacterial |flagella |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-motor, |hook, |and |filament
The |flagella |of |prokaryotes |and |eukaryotes |have |similar |functions, |but |different |origins, |this |
trait |is |therefore |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |homoplasy |and |due |to |convergent |evolution |
-analogous |structures
Taxis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |directed |movement |toward |or |away |from |a |stimulus |
-Positive |chemotaxis: |move |toward |nutrients/oxygen
-Negative |chemotaxis: |move |away |from |a |toxic |substance
exaptation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-process |in |which |structures |originally |adapted |for |one |
function |take |on |new |functions |through |descent |with |modification
, Internal |prokaryote |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--aerobic
-photosynthetic
-chromosomes |
-plasmids
aerobic |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-respiratory |membrane |(like |mitochondria)
-NEED |oxygen
-help |with |the |production |of |energy
photosynthetic |prokaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-thylakoid |membrane |(like |chloroplasts)
-cyanobacteria
chromosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-prokaryotes |have |circular |chromosomes, |contain |less |
DNA |than |eukaryotes
plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-small |rings |of |DNA |that |replicate |independently |from |
chromosomal |DNA
nucleoid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-location |of |prokaryote's |1 |chromosome, |region |of |cytoplasm
|not |enclosed |by |membrane
All |essential |functions |are |on |the |circular |chromosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-plasmids |on |
the |other |hand |aid |outside |of |those |metabolic |functions, |help |bacteria |adapt |to |new |
environments
Bacteria |and |Archaea |are |very |different |organisms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-they |are |in |
completely |different |kingdoms
